L'intelligence naturelle - Didier van Cauwelaert

 

L'intelligence artificielle : un artifice qui fera long feu ?

• Il est loin, le temps où Teilhard de Chardin disait : "Nous ne sommes pas des êtres humains vivant une expérience spirituelle, nous sommes des êtres spirituels vivant une expérience humaine"

Stolen Focus - Johann Hari

 

Introduction Walking in Memphis

• godson: filleul
• freakishly: bizarre
• freak: bête curieuse
• to jabber: bredouiller
• swoosh: sifflement
• blur: trouble
• whirring: ronronner
• shrieking: crieur
• numbing: engourdissant
• baffled: dérouté
• respite: répit
• listlessly: mollement
• wielding: exercer
• ripped: musclé
• to fiddle with: trafiquer
• a slew of: un tas de
• tripwires: fil de détente 
• rickety: bancal

• You are missing your life! you are afraid of missing out - that's why you are checking your screen all the time.
• If we want to do what matters in any domain - any context in life - we have to be able to give attention to the right things... If we can't do that, it's really hard to do anything.
• People who can't focus will be more drawn to simplistic authoritarian solutions.
• But nothing can be changed until it is faced.
• If we wait for perfect evidence, we will be waiting for ever. I had to proceed, doing my best, on the basis of the information we have.

1 Cause One: The Increase in Speed, Switching and Filtering

• giddy: pris de vertige
• wanker: connard
• twinge: pointe
• sliver: éclat
• pasty: pâle
• bliss: bonheur
• jab: piquer
• poke: pousser
• colicky: qui souffre de coliques
• garbled: confus
• lurch: embardée
• delusion: illusion
• pucker: pincer
• to bristle: se hérisser
• impairment: déficience
• delude: qui se fait des idées 
• hunch: pressentiment
• shrieking: crieur
• rowdy: chahuteur
• bouncer: videur

• I had learned years from social scientists that when it comes to beating any kind of destructive habit, one of the most effective tools we have is called 'pre-commitment'
• Twitter makes you feel that the whole world is obsessed with you and your little ego - it loves you, it hates you, it's talking to you right now.
• I came to this realization that my job in a way is to think that is different from everyone else - but I was in an environment where I was just getting all the same information as everyone else, and I was just thinking the same things as everyone else.
• It's always tempting to confuse your personal decline for the decline of the human species.
• The more information you pump in, the less time people can focus on any individual piece of it.
• The increase in the volume of information is what creates the sensation of the world speeding up.
• If you have to keep up with everything and send emails all the time, there's no time to reach depth.
• We are, collectively, experiencing a more rapid exhaustion of attention resources.
• He stopped using all social media, except Twitter, which he checks only once a week, on Sundays. He stopped watching TV. He read more books instead. 
• I think the first thing you have to realize is it's an ongoing battle.
• In general, we want to take the easy way out, but what makes us happy is doing the thing that's a little bit difficult. What's happening with our cellphones is that we put a thing in our pocket that's with us all the time that always offer an easy thing to do, rather than the important thing. I wanted to give myself a chance at choosing something that's more difficult.
• How do you slow down in a world that is speeding up?
• The switch cost effect.
• Is try to get rid of the distractions as much as possible.
• Start slow, but practice, and you'll get there.

2 Cause Two: The Crippling of Our Flow States

• crippling: paralysie
• lurch: embardée
• beak: bec
• cursory: rapide
• puffy: bouffi
• miser: avare
• paltry: dérisoire
• funk: cafard
• sagging: distendu
• squalid: sordide
• enthralling: captivant
• gusher: puits jaillissant
• off-kilter: de travers
• frak out: crises
• stumps: souches
• thawing: fondant
• slough off: se dépouiller
• taunt: sarcasme
• blissful: bienheureux 

• Narcissism is a corruption of attention - it's where your attention becomes turned in only on yourself and your own ego.
• Like a money-obsessed miser checking the state of his personal stocks and finding he was slightly richer than yesterday.
• No stranger is going to flood you with hearts and tell you you're great.
• He discovered that he felt most alive when he was doing something difficult.
• Years later, the designers of Instagram asked: If we reinforce our users taking selfies - if we give them hearts and likes - will they start to do it obsessively, just like the pigeon will obsessively hold out its left wing to get extra sed? They know Skinner's core techniques, and applied them to a billon people.
• For the artist, when they were in the process of creation, time seems to fall away.
• But creative people seemed mostly uninterested in rewards; even money didn't interest most of them.
• Staying in the flow.
• The first thing you need to do is choose a clearly defined goal, and to set aside other goals while you do.
• So, to find flow, you need to choose one single goal; make sure your goal is meaningful to you; and try to push yourself to the edge of your abilities.
• We should primarily focus on the things that make life worth living, and finds way to boost them.
• The more powerful path out of distraction is to find your flow.
• It was like the flow was relaxing my body and opening my mind - perhaps because I knew I had done my best.
• I realised then that to recover from our loss of attention, it is not enough to strip out our distractions. That will just create a void. We need to strip out our distractions and to replace them with sources of flow.

3 Cause Three: The Rise of Physical and Mental Exhaustion

• hunched: regroupé
• bunch: vouté
• jangling: tintement
• lull: bercer
• pass out: tomber dans les pommes
• darting: fléchette
• stagger: chanceler
• funk: avoir le cafard
• douse: arroser
• coked out: tomber en rade
• unclenching: détendre
• to crave: brûler d'envie de faire
• lapse: écart
• drowsy: endormi
• bone-tired: extrêmement fatigué
• knackered: claqué
• to fall apart: s'effondre
• brink: bord
• bereavement: perte d'un être cher
• roadkill: cadavre d'animal écrasé sur la route
• to amp up: amplifier

• Then I would try to stop my mind jangling as it ran through all the things that had happened that day, and all the things I would need to do when I woke up, and all the things to worry about in the world.
• Local sleep: in this state, you believe you are alert and competent - but you aren't. You are sitting at your desk and you look awake, but parts of your brain are asleep.
• If you sleep less, your attention will likely suffer.
• I'm going to make you want more fast food, I'm going to make you want more sugar for quick energy.
• When we sleep, our minds start to identify connections an patterns from what we've experienced during the day.
• Sommeil réparateur: when we sleep better, a lot of problem get less - like mood disorders, like obesity, like concentration problems...It repairs a lot of damage.
• One of the things that happens is that during sleep, your brain cleans itself of waste that has accumulated during the day.
• That can explain why, when you are tired, "you get a hung-over sort of feeling" - you are literally closed up with toxins.
• When you dream , you can revisit stressful moments, but without stress hormones flooding your system.
• Our economic system has become dependent on sleep-depriving people.
• You need to radically limit your exposure to light before you go to sleep. He believes you should have no sources of artificial light in your bedroom at all, and you should avoid the blue light of screens for at least two hours before you go to bed.
• Many of the things we need to do are so obvious they are banal: slow down, do one thing at a time, sleep more.

L'homme qui plantait des arbres - Jean Giono

 

• Pour que le caractère d'un être humain dévoile des qualités vraiment exceptionnelles, il faut avoir la bonne fortune de pouvoir observer son action pendant de longues années. Si cette action est dépouillée de tout égoïsme, si l'idée qui la dirige est d'une générosité sans exemple, s'il est absolument certain qu'elle n'a cherché de récompense nulle part et qu'au surplus elle ait laissé sur le monde des marques visibles, on est alors, sans risque d'erreurs, devant un caractère inoubliable.
• Mon jeune âge, précisément, me forçait à imaginer l'avenir en fonction de moi-même et d'une certaine recherche du bonheur.
• Lorsqu'on en a vingt, on considère les hommes de cinquante comme des vieillards à qui il ne reste plus qu'à mourir.
• On imagine bien cependant que, pour une réussite semblable, il a fallu vaincre l'adversité ; que, pour assurer la victoire d'une telle passion, il a fallu lutter avec le désespoir.
• Pour s'éviter le trajet d'aller-retour, il envisageait de construire une cabane de pierre sur les lieux mêmes de ses plantations.
• Il y avait un grand personnage des Eaux et Forêts, un député, des techniciens. On prononça beaucoup de paroles inutiles.
• Le travail paisible et régulier, l'air vif des hauteurs, la frugalité et surtout la sérénité de l'âme avaient donné à ce vieillard une santé presque solennelle.
• Il en sait beaucoup plus que tout le monde. Il a trouvé un fameux moyen d'être heureux !

7 nouveaux arbres fruitiers

• Aujourd'hui j'ai planté 7 nouveaux arbres fruitiers sur le verger, arbres que j'ai achetés chez planfor.
• Le stress maintenant est de savoir s'ils vont pousser :=). J'ai mis de la corne broyée en sus de terreau au pied des arbres.

Cerisier coeur de pigeon 

Abricotier rouge du Roussillon

Pommier Belle de Boscop

Cerisier bigarreau burlat

Poirier conférence

Poirier Williams

Chataignier

Kiwi

Mûrier

The Art of Spending Money - Morgan Housel

 

Introduction: The Quest of the Simple Life

• lust: luxure
• to wedge out: devenir plus mince
• contentment: satisfaction
• misfit: marginal

• Those happiest with money tend to be those who have found a way to stop thinking about it.

All Behavior makes Sense with enough Information

• bootlegged: marchandise illicite
• snubbed: snobé
• dour: austère
• gaudy: voyant
• egotism: égoïsme 
• well-heeled: riche
• meth: méthadone
• bullheaded: entêté

• If you try to make sense of spending habits - yours or other's people - you have to start with the understanding that people don't just spend money on things they find fun or useful. Their decisions often reflects the social and psychological experiences of their life.
• The same product has very different meanings to different people.
• Values are equal to your preferences, and your preferences come from trying to reconcile your current needs with the lessons learned from your unique past experiences.
• Don't let anyone tell you what you should or shouldn't spend money on. There is no "right" way. You have to figure out what makes you happy and fulfilled
• A lot of money problems come from people spending or saving money in a way they think they are supposed to but doesn't match their personality.
• Be careful judging how other people spend their money.

May I Have Your Attention Please

• toil: labeur
• bustle: agitation
• to gawk at: regarder
• hubristic: débauche

• Observe what actually makes you happy and maximize that.
• I love the idea that my friends and family can benefit from the nice things I've purchased.

The Happiest People I know

• to dwell on: s'attarder sur
• plea: appel
• meager: maigre; piètre
• elation: euphorie
• fleeting: bref
• content: satisfait

• You realize that the key to happiness is being content with what you have.
• The key is realizing that happiness is the state when nothing is missing, regardless of the lifestyle you're living.
• Your brain just wants dopamine.

Everything You don't See

• cheerful: joyeux
• gutter: caniveau
• bliss: bonheur

• "I would think exactly how I was going to get there - not just how it would feel to be there"

The Most Valuable Financial Asset Is Not Needing To Impress Anyone

• enamored: épris
• to revel in: se révéler
• woefully: tristement
• capsize: caviler
• outright: complètement
• deceit: tromperie
• to loiter: traîner
• utter: absolu
• impending: imminent
• to ponder: réfléchir
• to despise: mépriser
• snakepit: fosse aux lions
• quirky: excentrique

• Not needing to impress other people, especially strangers, is an asset on your personal balance sheet that can be more valuable than anything else.
• When you don't feel the need to impress other people, your desires fall. When your desires fall, your satisfaction with what you already have grows. It's really that simple.
• Are you spending money on something because it makes people think different of you - like you more, be more impressed with you, maybe even jealous of you - or because it actually feeds your soul and make you happy?
• Being independent, following your quirky habits, and doing what you want, when you want, with whom you want.

What Makes You Happy

• drab: morne
• awe: émerveillement
• to sneak in: entrer discrètement
• to covet: convoiter
• splurge: faire une folie
• lukewarm: tiède
• bland: fade
• slog: galère

• A good life is everything you need and some of what you want. If you have everything you want, you appreciate none of what you have.
• The best drink you will ever taste is a glass of tap water when you're thirsty.
• The gap between struggle and reward is a big part of what makes people happy.
• "Nothing has spread socialistic feeling in this country more than the automobile", "a picture of the arrogance of wealth"

The Rich and the Wealthy

• cursed: maudit
• lackadaisical: apathique
• mercifully: avec clémence
• curse: sort
• gosh: bonté divine
• to hobnob with: fréquenter

• If you are rich, you have money in the bank that allows you to buy the stuff you want.
• If you are wealthy, you have a control over what that money does to your personality, your freedom, your desires, ambitions, morals, friendships, and mental health.
• The Vanderbilts are one of the clearest examples of money controlling a person, rather than being used as a tool to improve their life.
• He was a man built upon morals and individually who just happened to save a ton of money.
• The people I admire most have a way of escaping the bubble of culture. Sometimes via religion, sometimes via old books; sometimes via time in nature. Without such an escape, propaganda wins. You stop thinking for yourself. Modern delusions grow into an all-consuming mind virus.
• I like aimlessly scrolling through social media, but I don't necessarily want to do it - these things are just addictive, and they control the person rather than becoming tools to enhance the person's life.

Utility vs Status

• plush: luxueux
• bragging: vantardise
• vintner: vigneron
• scrawled: griffonné
• knockoff: faux, fausse, imitation
• devouring: dévorant
• damned: damné
• shamelessly: sans vergogne
• to pander: céder à
• notch: cran
• fickle: changeant

• The value of anything is its ability to help you live the life you want. Nothing more.
• Whether you're using money as a tool to live a better life or as a yardstick to measure yourself against others.
• Function, durability, practicality.
• Why you actually want to buy this things.
• Buying things for their utility gives you the ability to express your own identity, while chasing status often makes you conform to other's identity.
• "I write for an audience of one - me"
• The key to success in so many areas of life is endurance and longevity.
• I know with near certainty that I will value comfort, dependability, convenience, and - most importantly - spending quality time with people I love and admire.

Risk and Regret

• thereof: de celui-ci
• slipshod: baclé
• crusty: croustillant
• sneering: ricaner
• preposterous: absurde
• to squander: gaspiller
• merry: joyeux

• Good advice is never as simple as saying "Live for today" or "Save for the future". The only good advice is "Minimize future regret".
• "So much wasted time". 
• What a terrible thing to realize when it's too late. And I wonder if it'll become more common as many of us spend our days aimlessly scrolling our social media.
• You need to accurately understand how you'll feel about your current decisions at various point in the future.
• YOLO - "You Only Live Once"
• FIRE - "Financial Independence Retire Early"
• The only good advice is to minimize your future regrets.
• Once you view savings as providing the benefit of independence, you stop viewing saving for tomorrow as sacrificing today.
• Savings has given me independence that allows me a degree of doing what I want, when I want, with whom I want, that makes today - right now - better than it would have been if I had saved less in the past.
• How disastrous envy can be.

Look at Them

• cantankerous: acariâtre
• overlook: oublier
• self-worth: amour propre
• snug: endroit douillet
• panhandler: clochard

• Being jealous of what others have and assuming your life would be better if you were like them is misleading because you are not getting the full picture of their lives.
• FOMO - the fear of missing out - is one of the most dangerous financial reaction that exists.
• Having no FOMO might be the most important financial skill.
• Remove FOMO from the equation and what's left? You only care about your own financial goals.
• When you have everything you need, you immediately shift to focusing on everything you might want, which is a never ending list.
• A lack of envy brings another gift: freedom.
• Spending on independence can be the most wonderful thing money can buy.

Wealth Without Independence is a Unique Form of Poverty

• run-of-the-mill: banal
• furnace: chaudière
• egregious: choquant
• jerk: coup sec
• hush: silence

• "Rich" means not being hurried, spending time with my family, control over my schedule, and intellectual independence. Doing life my way. Independence. That's true rich.
• Money you haven't spent buys something intangible but valuable: freedom, independence, and being able to spend time in your own way.
• I view every cent of savings as a ticket toward a greater degree of financial independence, which is my true goal.
• I have no budget for how much I'm willing to spend on autonomy and spending time with the people I want, when I want to, for as long as I want to.
• Control over what you're doing.
• Workers who rely on government assistance and semi retired workers who rely on pensions. A major part of your financial well-being relies on the decisions of people who may or may not keep it going in the future.
• You wake up every morning realizing that you can spend your time doing what you want, with whom you want, for as long as you want.

Social Debt

• to wow: en mettre plein les yeux
• dinged: moderate damage
• notch: cran
• liabilities: handicap

• When how you spend your money influences what people think of you in unwanted ways.
• "It's very expensive to be rich"
• My strategy is called quiet compounding.

Quiet Compounding

• bumpkin: plouc
• to flaunt: exhiber

• The fastest way to get rich is to go slow.
• "There is only one success - to be able to spend your life in your own way"
• So be careful who you seek advice from, be careful who you admire, and even be careful who you socialize with.
• A great irony in finance is that the fastest way to get rich is often to go slow.

Identity

• hinder: gêner
• peacock: paon
• antler: ramure
• butler: majordome
• relatable: s'identifier à
• contentious: contesté
• willful: obstiné
• wishy-washy: sans consistance
• confine: limite

• When money controls who you are.
• One of the most common ways that money stops being a tool, and become a master, is when your financial goals and beliefs become part of your identity.
• Keep your identity small.
• A lot of financial planners will tell you that a lot of their biggest challenges is getting clients to spend in retirement.
• Refusing to recognize that you've met your goal can be as bad as never meeting the goal to begin with.
• Once you label yourself you've formed an identity that can prevent you from seing the big picture, finding other opportunities, or changing your mind when you need to.
• "A belief is not dangerous until it turns absolute".

Try Something New

• to pore: examiner
• mildly: légèrement
• faint: faible
• mercilessly: impitoyablement
• lumber: bois de construction
• seamstress: couturière
• unwholesome: malsain
• falling hook, line, and sinker: tout gober, tout avaler

• "My secret had been I know what to ignore".
• Find what works and just do that.
• It's impossible to know what you're going to like until you try it, so try everything. But the only way to try a million new things is to have a strong filter that immediately rejects what isn't for you. And, boy, that is also true for spending money.
• You should spend extravagantly on the things you love as long as you mercilessly cut the things you don't.
• There is no guide on what will make you happy - you have to try a million different things and figure out what fits your personality, ruthlessly cutting the rest. Wide funnel, tight filter.
• Consumers who saw the devil logo knew they were getting a specific product made by a specific company under specific quality standards.
• You're not necessarily paying for quality, you're paying for consistency.
• The wide funnel only works if you have a tight filter.
• The more you can say "I tried buying this or that. It didn't work for me", the more you know you're on the right path.
• There's a well-known idea that times feels like it speeds up as you age. One theory why this happens is that the perception of time relies on the number of new and surprising memories formed in a period. Monotony makes time speed up, variety makes it slow.
• "Thank you for believing in me"
• Remember that the ones who love you almost certainly don't want your money as much as they want your love and attention.

Your Money and Your Kids

• moocher: profiteur

• Values, hard work, support, and the opposite of spoiled.
• Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York.
• "The parent-child bond is the most important relationship for a child's mental health. When a child cannot meet a parent's high expectations, that bond becomes jeopardized"

Spreadsheets don't Care About Your Feelings

• pride: orgueil
• rash: imprudent
• reckless: imprudent

• When emotions are more insightful than numbers.
• Spreadsheets don't care about your feelings. But sometimes those feelings are the most important part of a big financial decision.

The Finer Things

• precarious: précaire
• blisters: cloques
• to solder: souder
• oblivious: inconscient

• The wisdom, and futility, of obsessing over small purchases.
• The point is that small changes at scale yield massive impact.
• Parkinson's law of triviality. It states: "The amount of attention to a problem gets is the inverse of its importance"
• Tending to small expenses can compound into a fortune. They can also suck your attention away from much larger problems.
• The opposite of a good idea can also be a good idea.

The Life Cycle of Greed and Fear

• sneaky: sournois
• delusion: illusion
• hindsight: recul
• to snicker: ricaner
• taunt: sarcasme
• groove: sillon

• It becomes innocent, turns crazy, and ends up right where you began.
• Spending money often requires optimism; saving often requires pessimism.
• There is a natural cycle that causes innocent optimism to evolve into greed, which turns to denial, then confusion, then, eventually fear.
• All greed begins with the most innocent idea: that you deserve to be right.
• We'd recognize that if you did this and then that happened, there are a lot of million other variables you have no control over that also could have influenced that outcome.
• The common form of innocent greed is extrapolating with enthusiasm what worked in the past. It tempts you to do the same thing as before, but with twice the appetite.
• Greed happens when you double down on actions that at one time worked but aren't sustainable, or that cause you to overestimate how influential your actions were on outcomes.
• Maybe the people who in the past rewarded you with attention are no longer around.
• Maybe the people who were excited for your past success are now exhausted from hearing about you.
• Buddhism has a concept called Beginner's Mind.

The Luckier You are, the Nicer You Should Be

• knee-jerk: automatique

• Understand that people who have made different decisions than you, and ended up with a different outcome than you, can be just as smart, funny, insightful, and worthy as you. They do what makes sense to them, and they're trying to find their way in a complex world. You do what makes sense to you, and you're trying to find your way in a complex world.
• And so we end right where we began, with a reminder that all behavior makes sense with enough information, and we are all on our quest for the simple life.

Artificial Intelligence - A Guide for Thinking Humans Melanie Mitchell

 

Part One Background

Chapter 1 The Roots of Artificial Intelligence

• The concept of supervised learning is a key part of modern AI.
• Training set. Test set.
• Perceptron learning algorithm.
• Even at beginning, AI suffered from a hype problem approach.
• "Easy things are hard" dictum: the human workers are hired to perform the "easy" tasks that are currently too hard for computers.

Chapter 2 Neural Networks and the Ascent of Machine Learning

• rebutted: réfuter
• to soar: monter en flèche
• pep: vitalité
• imbued: imprégné
• disparagingly: de façon désobligeante

• "activation"
• "back-propagation"
• I trained both a perceptron and a two-layer neural network, each with 324 inputs and 10 outputs, on the handwritten-digit-recognition task, using sixty thousand examples, and then tested how well each was able to recognize ten thousand new examples.
• The term "connectionist" refers to the idea that knowledge in these networks resides in weighted connections between units.

Chapter 3 AI Spring

• overlord: chef suprême
• eerily: sinistrement
• pun: jeux de mots
• derogatory: désobligeant
• tout: racoler
• shallow: superficiel
• self-awareness: conscience de soi
• dogged: obstiné
• contrivance: dispositif
• ergo: par conséquent
• to imbue: imprégner
• to spur: inciter
• to scoff at: se moquer de
• glaringly: extrêmement
• malevolent: malveillant
• to ascribe: attribuer
• wryly: ironiquement 
• rapture: extase
• post-haste: en toute hâte 
• conscripted: appeler
• dire: pressant
• to relent: céder
• a scant: peu de
• surfeit: excès
• to straddle: enfourcher
• zaniest: loufoque
• ploy: stratagème
• stung: piqûre
• wagering: pari
• foil: faire-valoir
• wherein: où
• harbinger: messager
• bearing: position

• The terms narrow and weak are used to contrast with strong, human-level or full-blown AI (sometimes called AGI, or Artificial General Intelligence).
• We're back to the philosophical question I was discussing with my mother: is there a difference between 'simulating a mind' and 'literally having a mind'?
• Ray Kurzweil, who is now director of engineering at Google.
• Singularity: "a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed".
• Kurzweil agrees: "most of the brain's complexity comes from its own interaction with a complex world. Thus, it will be necessary to provide an artificial intelligence with an education just as we do with a natural intelligence.
• Kurzweil's thinking has been particularly influential in the tech industry, where people often believe in exponential technological progress as the means to solve all of society's problems.
• Kapor: "Perception of and physical interactions with the environment is the equal partner of cognition in shaping experience...Emotions bound and shape the envelope of what is thinkable"
• Crucial abilities underlying our distinctive human intelligence, such as perception, language, decision-making, common sense reasoning and learning.

Part Two Looking and Seeing

Chapter 4 Who, What, When, Where, Why

• The neural networks dominating deep learning are directly modeled after discoveries in neuroscience.
• Today's most influential and widely used approach: convolutional neural networks, or (as most people in the field call them) ConvNets.
• This calculation - multiplying each value in a receptive field by its corresponding weight and summing the results - is called a convolution. Hence the name "convolutional neural network".
• Would you like to experiment with a well-trained ConvNet? Simply take a photo of an object, and upload it to Google's "search by image" engine. Google will run a ConvNet on your image and, based on the resulting confidences (over thousands of possible object categories), will tell you its "best guess" for the image.

Chapter 5 ConvNets and ImageNet

• bunch: groupe
• updended: renversé
• jolt: soubresaut
• snooping: fouiner
• terse: sec
• stuffed: empaillé
• to tease out: extraire

• Yann LeCun, the inventor of Convnets.
• A cardinal rule in machine learning is "Don't train on the test data". It seems obvious.
• It turns out that the recent success of deep learning is due less to new breakthroughs in AI than the availability of huge amounts of data (thank you, internet!) and very fast parallel computer hardware.
• Facebook labelled your uploaded photos with names of your friends and registered a patent of classifying the emotions behind facial expressions in uploaded photos.
• ConvNets can be applied to video and used in self-driving cars to track pedestrians, or to read lips and classify body languages. Convnets can even diagnose breast and skin cancer from medical images, determine the stage of diabetic retinopathy, and assist physicians in treatment planning for prostate cancer.
• It could be that the knowledge needed for humanlike visual intelligence - for example, making sense of the "soldier and dog" photo at the beginning of the previous chapter - can't be learned from millions of pictures downloaded from the web, but has to be experienced in some way in the real world.

Chapter 6 A Closer Look at Machines That Learn

• to veer: virer
• speckling: moucheté
• repellent: répulsif
• skewed: faussé
• inconspicuous: qui passe inaperçu
• whack-a-mole: jeu du chat et de la souris
• adversarial: conflictuel
• ostrich: autruche

• I'll explore how differences between learning in ConvNets and in humans affect the robustness and trustworthiness of what is learned.
• The learning process of ConvNets is not very humanlike.
• The most successful ConvNets learned via a supervised-learning procedure: they gradually change their weights as they process the examples in the training set again and again, over many epochs (that is, many passes through the training set), learning to classify each input as one of a fixed set of possible output categories.
• Demis Hassabis, co-founder of Google DeepMind.
• Deep learning requires big data.
• Have you ever put a photo of a friend on your Facebook page and commented on it? Facebook thanks you!
• Deep learning, as always, requires a profusion of training examples.
• Upon purchase of a Tesla vehicle, must agree to a data-sharing policy with the company.
• Requiring so much data is a major limitation of deep-learning today. Yoshua Bengio, another high-profile AI researcher, agrees: "We can't realistically label everything in the world and meticulously explain every last detail to the computer. "
• The term unsupervised learning refers to a broad group of methods for learning categories or actions without labelled data.
• In machine-learning jargon, Will's network "overfitted" to its specific training set.
• They are overfitting to their training data and learning something different from what we are trying to teach them. 
• Commercial face-recognition systems tend to be more accurate on white male faces than on female or non white faces. Camera software for face detection is sometimes prone to missing faces with dark skin and to classifying Asian faces as "blinking".
• The spread of real-world AI systems trained on biased data can magnify these biases and do real damage.
• Should the data sets being used to train AI accurately mirror our own biased society - as they often do now - or should they be tinkered with specifically to achieve social reform aims? And who should be allowed to specify the aims or do the tinkering.
• More generally, you can often trust that people know what they are doing if they can explain to you how they arrived at an answer or a decision.
• The dark secret at the heart of AI.
• Ian Goodfellow, an AI expert who is part of the Google Brain team, says, "Almost anything bad you can think of doing to a machine-learning model can be done right now...and defending it is really, really hard".
• It's misleading to say that deep networks "learn on their own" or that their training is "similar to human learning". Recognition of the success of these networks must be tempered with a realization that they can fail in unexpected ways because of overfitting to their trains data, long-tails effects and vulnerability to hacking.
• The formidable challenges of balancing the benefits of AI with the risks of its unreliability and misuse.

Chapter 7 On Trustworthy and Ethical AI

• tipsy: pompette
• sobering: qui donne à réfléchir
• menial: subalterne
• rickshaw: pousse-pousse
• to canvass: sonder l'opinion
• creepy: horreur
• hamstrung: couper les tendons d'Achille
• spur: voie secondaire
• staple: de base
• contrived: imaginé

• Facebook, for example, applies a face-recognition algorithm to every photo that is uploaded to its site, trying to detect the faces in the photo and to match them with known users (at least those users who haven't disabled this feature)
• Privacy is an obvious issue. Even if I'm not on Facebook (or any other social media platform with face recognition), photos including me might be tagged and later automatically recognized on the site, without my permission.
• "We deserve a world where we're not empowering governments to categorize, track and control citizens"
• My own opinion is that too much attention has been given to the risks from superintelligent AI and far too little to deep learning's lack of reliability and transparency and its vulnerability to attacks.

PART THREE Learning to Play

Chapter 8 Rewards for Robots

• preposterously: absurde
• nagging: tenace
• covertly: secrètement
• oblivious: inconscient
• wag: remuer
• puddle: flaque
• awash: inondé
• wry: ironique
• treat: friandise

• "Reward behavior like and ignore behavior I don't"
• Operant conditioning inspired an important machine-learning approach called reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning contrasts with the supervised learning method.
• Reinforcement learning requires no labelled training examples. Instead, an agent - the learning program - performs actions in an environment (usually a computer simulation) and occasionally receives rewards from the environment.
• Reinforcement learning: learning too much at one time can be detrimental.
• Q-learning
• Exploration versus exploitation balance

Chapter 9 Game On

• stance: position
• paddle: pagaie
• to tally up: faire le total
• devious: sournois
• windfall: aubaine
• gobsmacked: estomaqué
• pruning: élagage

• In reinforcement learning we have no labels.
• Learning a guess from a better guess.
• Three all-important concepts: the game tree, the evaluation function and learning by self-play.
• AlphaGo acquired its abilities by reinforcement learning via self-play.
• The program chooses moves probabilistically.
• AlphaGo learns by playing against itself over many games.
• With its AlphaGo project, DeepMind demonstrated that one of AI's long-time grand challenges could be conquered by an inventive combination of reinforcement learning, convolutional neural networks and Monte Carlo tree search.

Chapter 10 Beyond Games

• imbuing: imprégner
• adversarial: conflictuel
• prowess: talent
• pesky: fichu

• Unlike supervised learning, reinforcement learning holds the promise of programs that can truly learn on their own, simply by performing actions in their "environment" and observe the outcome.
• How to think better: how to think logically, reason abstractly and plan strategically.
• Andrej Karpathy, Tesla's director of AI

PART FOUR Artificial Intelligence Meets Natural Language

Chapter 11 Words, and the Company They Keep

• to surmise: présumer
• beak: bec
• bent out of shape: upset and angry
• mind-boggling: impressionnant
• to impinge: empiéter
• wit: esprit
• alluring: séduisant 
• to seep through: suinter

• You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
• In linguistics, this idea is known more formally as distributional semantics.
• The semantic of words might actually require many dozens if not hundred of dimensions.
• It turns out that using word vectors as numerical inputs to represent words, as opposed to the simple one-hot scheme, greatly improves the performance of neural networks in NLP tasks.
• "word2vec": shorthand for "word to vector".
• You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
• The idea is to train the word2vec network to predict what words are likely to be paired with a given input word. Word vectors are also called word embeddings.
• Let's remember that the goal of this whole process is to find a numerical representation - a vector - for each word in the vocabulary, one that captures something of the semantics of the word.

Chapter 12 Translation as Encoding and Decoding

• mildew: moisissure, mildiou
• cringe: avoir un mouvement de recul
• spurred: incité
• jarring: qui secoue
• dazzled: éblouir
• wrongheaded: erroné
• gist: sens général

• Encoder, Meet Decoder
• Long short-term memory, LTSM units: the idea is that these units allow for more "short-term" memory that can last throughout the processing of the sentence.
• To measure the quality of a translation, BLEU essentially counts the number of matches - between words and phrases of varying lengths.
• My general experience is that the translation quality of, say, Google Translate declines significantly when it is given whole paragraphs instead of single sentences.
• While the skeletal meaning of this story comes through, subtle but important nuances get lost in all the translations.
• The main obstacle is this: like speech-recognition systems, machine-translation systems perform their task without actually understanding the text they are processing.
• "Machine translation...often involves problems of ambiguity that can only be resolved by achieving an actual understanding of the text - and bringing real-world knowledge to bear".
• The images were downloaded from repositories such as Flickr.com, and the captions for these images were produced by humans - namely, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, who were hired by Google for this study.
• I'm certain that these systems will improve as researchers apply more data and new algorithms. However, I believe that the fundamental lack of understanding in caption-generating networks inevitably means that, as in language translation, these systems will remain untrustworthy.

Chapter 13 Ask Me Anything

• lodestar: guide
• puns: jeu de mots
• godsend: aubaine
• uncanny: mystérieux
• stunt: acrobatie
• parlour: petit salon
• dearth: manque
• bestowing: conférer
• to suss out: piger
• dubious: douteux
• to vie: concourir
• to forestall: prévenir
• inching: avancer doucement
• adversarial: conflictuel
• adversary: adversaire
• nefarious: abominable

• Overpromising and under-delivering are, of course, an all-too-common story in AI.
• The Winograd schemas are designed precisely to be easy for humans but tricky for computers.
• It seems to me to be extremely unlikely that machines could ever reach the level of humans on translation, reading comprehension and the like by learning exclusively from online data, with no real understanding of the language they process.
• Language also relies on commonsense knowledge of the other people with whom we communicate.

PART FIVE The Barrier of Meaning

Chapter 14 On Understanding

• endowed: doté
• insight: perspicacité
• bland: fade
• teeming: grouillant
• fraught: tendu
• what the heck? : c'est quoi ce bordel ?
• indulge: céder
• pun: jeu de mots
• yucky: dégoutant
• libel: diffamation
• feat: exploit

• Humans, in some deep and essential way, understand the situations they encounter, whereas no AI system yet possesses such understanding. While sate-of-the-art AI systems have nearly equalled (and in some cases surpassed) humans on certain narrowly defined tasks, these systems all lack grasp of the rich meanings humans bring to bear in perception, language and processing.
• Psychologists have coined a term - intuitive physics - for the basic knowledge and beliefs humans share about objects and how they behave. As very young children, we also develop intuitive biology: knowledge about how living things differ from inanimate objects.
• Because humans are a profoundly social species, from infancy on we additionally develop intuitive psychology: the ability to sense and predict the feelings, beliefs and goals of other people.
• Simulations appear central to the representation of meaning.
• For example, Lakoff and Johnson note that we talk about the abstract concept of time using terms that apply to the more concrete concept of money: You "spend" or "save" time. You often "don't have enough time".
• "I was given a warm welcome", "She gave me an icy stare", "He gave me the cold shoulder". Such phrasings are so ingrained that we don't realize we're speaking metaphorically. These metaphors reveal the physical basis of our understanding of concepts.
• Abstraction and analogy.
• Analogy-making in a very general sense as "the perception of a common essence between two things".
• "Without concepts there can be no thought, and without analogies there can be no concepts"
• Everyone in AI research agrees that core commonsense knowledge and the capacity for sophisticated abstraction and analogy are among the missing links required for future progress in AI.

Chapter 15 Knowledge, Abstraction and Analogy in Artificial Intelligence

• elusive: insaisissable
• rut: ornière
• commonsense: du bon sens; sensé; raisonnable
• imbue: imprégner
• mind-boggling: impressionnant
• grappling: s'agripper

• Lenat concluded that rule progress in AI would require machines to have common sense.
• Unwritten knowledge that humans have.
• Our commonsense knowledge is governed by abstraction and analogy.
• AI research often uses so-called microwords - idealized domains, such as Bongard problems, in which a researcher can develop ideas before testing them in more complex domains.
• Conceptual slippage, an idea at the heart of analogy-making.
• The concept of website slipped to the concept of wall, and the concept of writing a blog slipped to the concept of spray-painting graffiti.
• Have you ever struggled unsuccessfully to solve a problem, finally recognizing that you have been repeating the same unproductive thought process? This happens to me all the time; however, once I recognize this pattern, I can sometimes break out of the rut.
• "We Are really, Really Far Away"
• The modern age of artificial intelligence is dominated by deep learning, with its triumvirate of deep neural networks, big data and ultrafast computers.
• A small segment of the AI community has consistently argued for the so-called embodiment hypothesis: the premise that a machine cannot attain human-level intelligence without having some kind of body that interacts with the world.

Chapter 16 Questions, Answers and Speculations

• jaywalk: traverser en dehors des clous
• dart across: foncer
• inconspicuous: qui passe inaperçu
• pesky: fichu
• oxymoron: réalité paradoxale; exemple "mort-vivant"
• bewildering: déroutant
• beset: frappé
• ballparked: approximatif
• to elude: échapper
• witty: plein d'esprit
• elusive: insaisissable
• vexing: épineux
• foibles: manies
• addle: embrouillé
• headlong: tête la première

• The sort of core intuitive knowledge : intuitive physics, biology and especially psychology.
• It's worth remembering the maxim that the first 90 percent of a complex technology project takes 10 percent of the time and the last 10 per cent takes 90 per cent of the time.
• I believe that it is possible, in principle, for a computer to be creative.
• I've seen numerous computer-generated artworks that I consider beautiful.
• The creativity results from the teamwork of human and computer: the computer generates initial artworks and then successive variations, and the human provides judgment of the resulting works which comes from the human's understanding of abstract artistic concepts.
• "Human intelligence is a marvelous, subtle, and poorly understood phenomenon. There is no danger of duplicating it anytime soon"
• "Prediction is hard, especially about the future"
• The annoying limitations of humans, such as our slowness of thought and learning, our irrationality and cognitive biases, our susceptibility to boredom, our need for sleep and our emotions, all of which get in the way of productive thinking.
• Above all, the take-home message from this book is that we humans tend to overestimate AI advances and underestimate the complexity of our own intelligence.
• AI systems are brittle; that is, they make errors when their input varies too much from the examples on which they've been trained.
• We tend to anthropomorphize AI systems: we impute human qualities to them and end up overestimating the extent to which these systems can actually be fully trusted.

Gödel Ester Bach - Douglas Hofstadter

 

Chapitre X Niveaux de description et ordinateurs

• Le algorithmes, des descriptions exactes de processus dont ils désiraient l'exécution.
• Vers 1950, on a réussi à écrire des programmes appelés compilateurs, dont la fonction était de traduire des langages de compilation en langage machine.
• Un interpréteur est donc au compilateur ce qu'un interprète est à un traducteur.
• Un des secrets de la compréhension et de la création de l'intelligence réside dans le développement et le perfectionnement constants des langages capables de décrire des processus manipulation des symboles.
• Il suffit de prendre la plus exacte des sciences, la physique.
• Dans la plupart des systèmes que nous connaissons, les parties conservent leur identité en dépit des interactions, ce qui fait que nous continuons à voir les parties au sein du système.
• Phénomène de la supraconductivité : un flux d'électrons sans résistance au sein de certains solides, à des températures extrêmement basses.

...et fourmugue

• "Faut-il comprendre de façon holistique ou de façon réductionniste ?"
• Une fugue de fourmis, une "fourmugue".
• Les colonies de fourmis sont semblables aux cerveaux par de nombreux aspects.
• Vous étiez peut-être tellement captivé par ce que vous disiez que vous étiez parfaitement inconscient du reste.

Chapitre XI Cerveaux et pensées

• Ça n'est donc pas une si mauvaise idée, cette analogie entre le cerveau et une fourmilière.
• Cette idée de l'existence du général dans le particulier est d'une très grande importance.
• Les créatures fantastiques de notre logiciel cérébral qui naissent des étranges mélanges d'idées qui s'éveillent quand le corps s'endort.
• Il faut trouver une explication des activations de haut niveau des symboles qui ne s'appuie pas sur les phénomènes neuraux de bas niveau. Si c'est possible (et c'est une supposition essentielle des travaux actuels en intelligence artificielle) alors le cerveau ne serait pas l'unique support matériel de l'intelligence.
• Si, par contre, il n'existe aucun moyen d'effectuer des séquences d'activation de symboles sans avoir tout le matériel neutronique (que ces neurones soient réels ou simulés), c'est que l'intelligence est en fait un phénomène propre aux cerveaux et beaucoup plus difficile à comprendre qu'un phénomène devant son existence à une hiérarchie de lois de niveaux différents.
• Aux chapitres XVIII et XIX qui traitent de l'intelligence artificielle.

Les pensées édifiantes d'un fumeur de tabac

• Je feuilletais un curieux livre plein d'étranges dialogues sur de nombreux sujets, dont la biologie moléculaire, les fugues, le bouddhisme zen, et je ne sais quoi d'autre.
• Les ribosomes sont apparemment des genres d'objets sous-cellulaires qui prennent un message d'une forme donnée et le transforment en un message d'une autre forme.
• 
  
  
  SDS est une ribosomopathie (maladie due à un défaut de fabrication des ribosomes).
  
  
• Le mot "ceci" renvoie au tableau, et non pas à la pipe.

Chapitre XII Esprits et pensées

• Les caractéristiques communes à tous les papillons.
• Votre seule base de recherche, c'est votre tête. Vous n'avez accès à aucune information susceptible de vous aider pendant la durée de votre travail.
• Quelqu'un pourrait, par exemple, ignorer ce qu'est un éléphant, ou que la terre est ronde. Il est probable que dans tels cas, le réseau de symboles de cette personne et le vôtre seront si différents que vous ne pourrez pas établir une communication très importante.
• La culture affecte la pensée, il ne faut pas surévaluer le rôle de la langue dans le façonnage de la pensée.
• La culture russe est étrangère aux francophones.
• Je me suis parfois rendu compte que deux mélodies différentes traversaient mon esprit, rivalisant pour attirer "mon" attention.
• Lucas, "Minds, Machines, and Gödel" : ses opinions sont parfaitement à l'opposé des miennes et pourtant, pour se les former, il a mélangé beaucoup des mêmes ingrédients.

Chapitre XVI Auto-réf et auto-rep

• Le mécanisme qui lit les chaînes et produit les enzymes codées à l'intérieur de celles-ci s'appelle un ribosome.
• Les quatre types de base que l'on trouve dans les nucléotides de l'ADN sont :
• A : Adénine
• G : Guanine
• C : Cytosine
• T : Thymine
• Les enzymes, qui sont les instigatrices de presque tous les processus de vie, sont fabriquées par les ribosomes qui se trouvent dans le cytoplasme.
• L'ARN messager ou ARN-m sert à transporter les informations, c'est à dire le message génétique, des chambres moléculaires de l'ADN, jusqu'aux ribosomes flottant dans le cytoplasme.
• Le processus de copie de l'ADN dans l'ARN-m à l'intérieur du noyau s'appelle la transcription.
• Les enzymes appartiennent à la catégorie générale de molécules biologiques appelées protéines, et les ribosomes ont pour tâche de produire toutes les protéines, et pas seulement les enzymes.
• Une protéine est donc produite aminoacide par aminoacide par le ribosome.
• Pour que ces protéines potentielles soient extraites de l'ADN, il faut qu'il y ait non seulement des ribosomes, mais aussi des ARN polymérises, qui fabriquent l'ARN-m qui est apporté aux ribosomes.
• Ce n'est pas une coïncidence si les expressions "système d'autonomie suffisamment résistant" et "système formel suffisamment puissant" se ressemblent.
• En fait, en informatique, une certaine tendance à mélanger tous ces aspects apparemment distincts d'un système de traitement de l'information se dessine déjà nettement. C'est particulièrement vrai dans la recherche en intelligence artificielle, qui est généralement à l'avant-garde de la conception des langages informatiques.
• Quelle a été l'origine du code génétique et des mécanismes de décodage (ribosomes et molécules d'ARN de transfert) ?

Le Magnificrabe, en réalité

• On ne peut pas toujours comprendre sur quoi se fonde la beauté.

Chapitre XVII Church, Turing, Tarski et autres

• Nous en sommes maintenant au point où nous pouvons développer une des thèses centrales de ce livre, à savoir que tout aspect de la pensée peut être considérée comme une description de haut niveau d'un système qui, à une niveau inférieur, est géré par des règles simples, voire formelles.
• Un sens du jugement quant à ce qui est, ou n'est pas, important et nécessaire. Il va de pair avec un sens de la simplicité, un sens de la beauté. Mais d'où viennent ces intuitions ? Comment peuvent-elles surgir d'un système formel sous-jacent ?
• La thèse de Church-Turing est sans doute un des concepts les plus importants de la philosophie des mathématiques, des cerveaux et de la pensée.
• Srinavasa Ramajuan : sa mémoire, sa patience, et son pouvoir de calcul lui conféraient une capacité de généralisation, une intuition de la forme, et un pouvoir de modification rapide de ses hypothèses.
• Il semble que la "compréhension" exige au préalable l'assimilation et l'intégration d'une grande quantité d'informations.
• Si l'intelligence implique l'apprentissage, la créativité, des réactions émotionnelles, un sens de l'humour, un sens de la beauté, un sens de soi, alors il reste un long chemin à parcourir.
• La perception de la beauté est-elle un processus du cerveau ?
• Une conviction fausse dans le logiciel du cerveau est supportée par le matériel du cerveau qui, lui, fonctionne "parfaitement".
• La réalisation de la vraie intelligence nécessitera une poussée vers des niveaux toujours plus profonds, toujours plus proches des mécanismes cérébraux, si on veut que les machines atteignent les capacités humaines.
• A quoi réagissons-nous lorsque nous regardons un tableau et ressentons sa beauté ? Est-ce à la "forme" de ses lignes et points sur notre rétine ? C'est évidemment ça, puisque c'est sous cette forme-là que son contenu est transmis aux mécanismes d'analyse de nos cerveaux, mais la nature complexe du traitement effectué nous donne l'impression de ne pas être en train de regarder une simple surface à deux dimensions; nous réagissons à une sorte de signification interne du tableau, un aspect multidimensionnel piégé d'une manière ou d'une autre dans ces deux dimensions. C'est le mot "signification" qui compte ici. Nos cerveaux sont équipés d'interprètes qui reçoivent des formes à deux dimensions pour en "extraire" ensuite des concepts à plusieurs dimensions qui sont tellement complexes qu'ils échappent à toute description consciente. Nos réactions à la musique sont d'ailleurs du même type.
• Les qualités syntaxiques de de la forme et les aspects sémantiques de la forme.
• Au fur et à mesure que le temps passe le voile se lève de plus en plus sur la signification.
• Le paradoxe d'Épiménide : nature auto-référentielle.

Chapitre XVIII Intelligence artificielle : passé

• MIU : un alphabet, des axiomes, 4 règles de production. Théorème de Gödel : tu dois sortir du jeu et y réfléchir de l'extérieur pour le comprendre.
• Comment pouvez-vous savoir si ce que vous faites n'est pas parfaitement futile ?
• Cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu'il est impossible d'avoir une intuition de ce qui est ou n'est pas une voie prometteuse.
• On a un objectif global qui, localement, sert de guide. Une des techniques qui ont été mises au point pour convertir des objectifs globaux en stratégies locales de recherche de dérivations est appelée réduction des problèmes.
• Vous remarquerez que tout dépend de la façon de se représenter "l'espace du problème", c'est à dire de ce qui est perçu comme une réduction du problème (mouvement en avant vers l'objectif global), et de ce qui est perçu comme un grossissement du problème (mouvement éloignant de l'objectif).
• Et quand l'espace du problème est légèrement plus abstrait que l'espace physique, les humains ne savent souvent pas plus que faire que les chiens qui s'assoient et se mettent à aboyer.
• D'une certaine façon, tous les problèmes sont des versions abstraites du problème du chien et de l'os.
• Les solutions impliquant la restructuration de l'espace du problème se présentent le plus souvent à l'esprit comme un éclair de compréhension que comme le résultat d'une série de processus mentaux lents et délibérés. Ces éclairs d'intuition proviennent probablement du coeur même de l'intelligence, et leur source est, inutile de le dire, un secret jalousement protégé de notre cerveau.
• Ce qui fait, en tout cas, cruellement défaut à l'IA, ce sont des programmes capables de "prendre du recul" pour regarder ce qui se passe et, munis de ces informations, de se réorienter vers le but recherché.
• Y-a-t-il dans nos vies des situations très répétitives que nous appréhendons caque fois de façon tout aussi stupide parce que nous avons pas une vue assez globale pour percevoir leur similitude ? Voilà qui nous ramène à ce problème récurrent : "Qu'est-ce que la similitude ?" Nous le retrouverons en tant que thème de l'IA lorsque nous parlerons de la reconnaissance des formes.
• Il s'appuie sur un grand nombre d'aptitudes différentes, comme doit le faire l'intelligence en général : un vaste recueil de connaissances, la technique de réduction des problèmes, un grand nombre de méthodes heuristiques, plus quelques astuces spéciales.
• La conscience analogique, qui est un aspect crucial de l'intelligence humaine.
• Quand une personne oublie quelque chose, cela signifie vraisemblablement qu'un pointeur de haut niveau a été perdu, et non pas que des informations ont été effacées ou détruites. Cela montre qu'il est extrêmement important de prendre note de la façon dont vous stockez de nouvelles expériences, car vous ne pouvez pas savoir à l'avance dans quelles circonstances, ou sous quel angle, vous voudrez extraire des informations de votre cerveau.
• Un principe général : quelque chose devient ennuyeux non pas quand vous avez épuisé son répertoire de comportement, mais quand vous avez défini les limites de l'espace contenant son comportement.
• Pourquoi certaines musiques sont-elles beaucoup lus profondes et beaucoup plus belles que d'autres ? C'est parce que leur forme est expressive, en tout cas pour certaines régions étranges de notre inconscient.
• Il est extrêmement intéressant que, dans le langage naturel, la syntaxe et la sémantique soient étroitement enchevêtrés.
• Ce type de décision se présente constamment : combien de niveaux devrait avoir un système ? Quelle quantité et quel type d'"intelligence" devraient être placés à quel niveau ? Ce sont là quelques-uns des problèmes les plus ardus auxquels l'IA doit actuellement faire face.

Chapitre XIX Intelligence artificielle : avenir

• Je pense que les "quasi" situations et les situations hypothétiques inconsciemment forgées constituent l'une des plus riches sources potentielles de compréhension de l'organisation et de la classification des perceptions de l'être humain.
• Songez à quel point nos vies mentales seraient pauvres si nous n'étions pas doués de ce pouvoir créatif de nous glisser hors de la réalité pour plonger dans de douces suppositions ! Du point de vue de l'étude des processus de réflexion humains, ce glissement, ou déplacement, est très intéressant, car il se produit la plupart du temps inconsciemment, ce qui signifie que l'observation des déplacements et des non-déplacements est très révélatrice de ce qu'est l'inconscient.
• Une des principales fonctions du réseau de concepts est de permettre de modifier légèrement des idées fausses pour les transformer en variantes qui peuvent être correctes.
• Essayer les idées récentes qui ont marché.
• Malaphore : recombinaison d'idées.
• Question : Un ordinateur pensant pourra-t-il additionner rapidement ? Réflexion : Peut-être pas. "Je pense, donc je n'ai pas accès au niveau auquel je somme".
• La véritable intelligence dépend intimement d'une capacité d'appréhension globale de son environnement, c'est à dire d'une possibilité programmée de "sortir du système", tout au moins à peu près dans la mesure où nous avons, nous, cette possibilité. Or, une fois qu'un programme aura cette capacité, vous ne pourrez plus le retenir ; il aura dépassé le point critique, et il ne vous restera plus qu'à faire face aux conséquences de ce que vous aurez créé.
• Nous restons exactement les mêmes bien que des milliers de neurones meurent chaque jour.

ChapitreXX Boucles Étranges ou Hiérarchies Enchevêtrées

• Le pionnier de la cybernétique, Norbert Wiener. Science des communications et de la régulation des informations.
• Hiatus : manque de continuité, coupure.
• épistémologie : branche de la philosophie qui s'intéresse à la connaissance scientifique.
• immixtion : action de s'immiscer 

• Vous avez bien un sens des désirs qui découle du substrat physique de votre esprit.
• Une des questions centrales de ce livre serait "les mots et les pensées suivent-ils des règles formelles ? ". Un des grands objectifs de ce livre est de mettre en évidence les multiples niveaux de l'esprit/cerveau, et j'ai essayé de montrer pourquoi l'ultime réponse à cette question est : "oui, à condition de descendre au plus bas niveau, le matériel, pour trouver les règles".
• En fait les règles de fond ne changent pas. Les neurones agissent toujours selon le même processus simple.
• Vous avez accès à vos pensées, mais pas à vos neurones. Les règles logicielles de différents niveaux peuvent changer, mais les règles matérielles ne le peuvent pas et, en fait, c'est justement de leur rigidité que découle la souplesse du logiciel !
• Comment la conscience surgit de la jungle des neurones.
• Les gens ont un sens intuitif de la signification des faits parce que ils ont dans leurs cerveaux un matériel intégré qui incorpore des méthodes rudimentaires d'interprétation des faits.
• Mon idée là-dessus, c'est que le processus selon lequel nous décidons de ce qui est valide ou de ce qui est vrai est un art, et qu'il s'appuie aussi fermement sur un sens de la beauté et de la simplicité que sur des principes profondément enracinés de la logique, du raisonnement, ou de tout autre phénomène qui peut être objectivement formalisé.
• Théorème de Gödel : "La vérité est une chose trop sérieuse pour la confier entièrement aux théories mathématiques".
• La plus grande contradiction de nos vies, la plus difficile à affronter, est peut-être la connaissance que "il y a eu une époque où je n'étais pas vivant, et il y aura une époque où je ne serai pas vivant".
• La croyance plutôt orientale : "Le monde et moi ne sommes qu'un, et la notion de ma disparition est une contradiction intrinsèque". La croyance plutôt occidentale : "Je ne suis qu'une partie du monde, et je mourrai, mais après, le monde continuera sans moi"
• Principe d'incertitude d'Heisenberg : implication : non-déterminisme et rôle de l'observation.
• Magritte, La condition humaine : "C'est ainsi que nous voyons le monde : nous le voyons comme extérieur à nous, même si ce que nous éprouvons intérieurement n'en est qu'une représentation mentale"
• Libre arbitre : "Le système X fait-il des choix ?"
• Ce programme se surveille bien et a des idées sur ses idées, mais il n'est pas capable de surveiller tous les détails de ses processus et a donc une perception intuitive, et non pas une compréhension totale, de ses propres rouages. C'est cet équilibre entre la connaissance de soi et l'ignorance de soi que naît le libre arbitre.
• Peu importe que le système fonctionne de façon déterministe ou non ; nous le qualifions de "choisisseur" si nous pouvons nous identifier à une description de haut niveau du processus qui se déroule pendant l'exécution du programme. A un bas niveau (celui du langage machine), le programme ressemble à n'importe quel autre programme; à un haut niveau (réunitarisé), des qualités comme la "volonté", l'"intuition", la "créativité" et la "conscience" peuvent émerger.
• Escher a donc fait là une parabole graphique du Théorème d'incomplétude de Gödel. Voilà pourquoi les deux brins de Gödel et d'Escher sont si étroitement entremêlés dans mon livre.
• Quand on croit que l'on sait tout, il y a toujours plus.
• L'Offrande musicale est une fugue de fugues, une Hiérarchie Enchevêtrée comme celles d'Escher et de Gödel, une construction intellectuelle qui me rappelle, de façons inexprimables, la belle fugue à multiples voix qu'est l'esprit humain. Voilà pourquoi j'ai choisi, dans mon livre, de faire de Gödel, d'Escher et de Bach les trois brins d'une guirlande éternelle.

Ricercar à six voix

• BABBAGE : polymath, mathématicien, inventeur et cryptanalyste.
• Je me demande si vous accepteriez que j'essaie d'exécuter la tâche beaucoup moins grandiose consistant à multiplier MA PROPRE intelligence par six.

Maturation de la vigne au 14 août 2025

• Le prélèvement de maturation sur la parcelle de vigne a été effectué ce matin par mes soins. Voici les résultats sur un échantillon de 15 raisins pris en diagonale sur la parcelle :

Progression de 1 degré en 4 jours du 14/08 au 18/08 puis baisse de 1 degré (5mm de pluie) le 21/08

• Par rapport à 2024, le niveau d'acide tartrique (AT) est supérieur, mais c'est le même degré pour un prélèvement qui avait été effectué le 3 septembre 2024. Le poids des raisins est aussi supérieur. On peut donc dire que la vigne à trois semaines d'avance par rapport à l'année dernière.
• Il est tombé 4 mm de pluie cette nuit à Saint Ennemond. S'il pleut encore la semaine prochaine, les baies devraient grossir.

• La vigne a souffert de la sécheresse cette année. Certains ceps, heureusement peu nombreux, n'ont plus de feuilles :

• Le voisin utilise un robot pour désherber ses parcelles :