europe

dimanche, janvier 05, 2025

The Power of Your Subconscious Mind - Joseph Murphy

The Treasure House Within You

dominion: territoire
fright: peur
fathomless: insondable
enthralling: captivant
boiler: chaudière
to lull: bercer

Change your thoughts, and you change your destiny.

How Your Own Mind Works

amenability: disposition
amenable: disposé
grooves: sillons
foreboding: pressentiment
berth: couchette
indwelling: à demeure
longing: envie
poised: posé, digne
cheer: bonne humeur
grind: boulot pénible
impending: imminent
doom: mort
laudable: louable
topsy-turvy: sens dessus-dessous
stymied: contrarié

Through your subjective mind you can read the thought of others, read the contents of sealed envelopes and closed safes.
"You're too old now".
You are what you think all day long.
Your greatest power is your capacity too choose. Choose happiness and abundance.
Do not let others do your thinking for you. Choose your own thoughts and make your own decisions.

The Miracle-Working Power of Your Subconscious

the ken: l'entendement
springs: sources
seers: voyant, prophète
shrines: lieux saints
to dwell on: s'attarder sur
thrill: frisson

Man is what he thinks all day long.

Mental Healings in Ancient Times

to kindle: allumer
splinter: écharde
amenable: disposé à faire
expounder: disserteur
blister: ampoule

The process of all healing is a definite, positive, mental attitude, an inner attitude, or a way of thinking, called faith. Healing is due to a confident expectancy, which acts as a powerful suggestion to the subconscious mind releasing its healing potency.
There is only one process of healing,ng and that is faith.
Remind yourself frequently that the healing power is in your own subconscious mind.
All disease originates in the mind. Nothing appears on the body unless there is a mental pattern corresponding to it.

Mental Healings in Modern Times

creed: croyance
to flock: venir en masse
ascribed: attribué
slumber: sommeil
sap: énergie

There is an old saying, "The doctor dresses the wound, but God heals it".
Imagine the end desired and feels its reality.
It is foolish to believe in sickness and something to hurt or harm you. Believe in perfect health, prosperity, peace, wealth, and divine guidance.
Blind faith means that a person may get results in healing without any scientific understanding of the powers and forces involved.
Learn to pray for your loved ones who may be ill. Quiet your mind, and your thoughts of health, vitality, and perfection operating through the one universal and subjective mind will be felt and resurrected in the mind of the loved one.

Practical Techniques in Mental Healings

despondent: déprimé
lullaby: berceuse
bequeathed: léguer
outcropping: affleurement
untrammeled: sans entraves
cripple: estropié
lame: boiteux
decree: décret

Nothing happens by chance.
Prayer is the formulation of an idea concerning something we wish to accomplish. Prayer is the soul's sincere desire. Your desire is your prayer.
The easiest and most obvious way to formulate an idea is to visualize it, to see it in your mind's eye as vividly as if it were alive.
A picture is worth a thousand words.
Serve Yourself with Scientific Truth
To affirm is to state that it is so, and as you maintain this attitude of mind as true, regardless of all evidence to the contrary, you will receive an answer to your prayer.

The Tendency of the Subconscious Is Lifeward

lifeward: vers la vie
hunch: pressentiment
to partake: participer
bladder: vessie
utterance: déclaration

Your solar plexus is the brain of your subconscious mind.
You are the sum total of your own thoughts.

How to Get the Results You Want

to remonstrate: se plaindre
tantalizingly: cruellement
outcropping: affleurement

There must be a clear cut idea in your mind.
Do not be concerned with details and means, but know the end result.
Know that there is always an answer and a solution to every problem.
Imagination is your most powerful faculty.
Imagine the fulfillment of your desire over and over agin prior to sleep.

How to Stay Young in Spirit Forever

The fear of time, not time itself, has a harmful effect on our minds and bodies, and the neurotic fear of the effects of time may well be the cause of premature aging.
Life is endless. Age is not the flight of years, but the dawn of wisdom.
Get it out of your head once and for all that 65, 75 or 85 years of age is synonymous with the end for you or anybody else. It can be the beginning of a glorious, fruitful, active, and most productive life pattern, better than you have ever experienced. Believe this, expect it, and your subconscious will bring it to pass.
Man's life is spiritual and eternal.
Age has its' own glory, beauty, and wisdom, which belong to it.
You Are as Young as You Think You Are
Your Gray Hairs Are an Asset
Age Is an Asset
Be Your Age
Retirement - a New Venture
You must Be a Producer and Not a Prisoner of Society
Get a Vision
Your Mind Does Not Grow Old
Your retirement is a new venture. Take up new studies and new interests. You can now do the things you always wanted to do when you were so busy making a living. Give your attention to living life.

mardi, décembre 31, 2024

What I talk about when I talk about running - Murakami

Foreword Suffering is optional

dodge: esquive
treatise: traité
shave: rasage
stray off: s'éloigner
painstaking: pointilleux
grueling: éreintant
dubbed: surnommer

Une personne qui a besoin d'écrire pour se comprendre.
Pain is inevitable. Suffering is optional.
The hurt part is an unavoidable reality, but whether or not you can stand any more is up to the runner himself. This pretty much sums up the most important aspect of marathon running.

One Who's Going to Laugh at Mick Jagger?

muggy: étouffant
lounging: se relaxer
inlet: crique
tack: approche
whisked: fouetter
scorching: brûlant
abstruse: abscon
speck: petite tâche
slumped: avachi
outwardly: extérieurement
farsighted: hypermétrope
waterfowl: gibier d'eau
floes: banquises
crisp: craquant
whizzing: mouvement à toute allure
kink: bizarrerie
flab: graisse superflue
despised: méprisé
to brag: se vanter
to groan: grogner
to scream: hurler
void: vide

During the mornings, when it's cool, I sit at my desk, writing all sorts of things.
To keep on going, you have to keep up the rhythm. This is important thing for long-term projects.
Over this period, I've jogged almost every day, run at least one marathon every year - twenty-three up till now.
Running without a break for more than two decades has also made me stronger, both physically and emotionally.
I am the kind of person who doesn't find it painful to be alone. I find spending an hour or two every day alone, not speaking to anyone, as well as four or five hours alone at my desk, to be neither difficult nor boring.
Maintaining my own silent, private time, is important to help me keep my mental well-being.
And one of the results of running a little farther than usual is that I become that much stronger.

Two Tips on Becoming a Running Novelist

a breather: une pause
stocky: trapu
wicked: méchant
wee: pipi
spurt: giclée
reeked: empesté
slacker: fainéant
to stint: lésiner
to dredge: déterrer
to slough it off: se débarrasser
belated: tardif
qualms: scrupules

Since failure was not an option, I'd have to give everything I had.
Because I was always tired and felt like I was competing against the clock as I wrote, I was never able to concentrate.
I'am the kind of person who has to totally commit to whatever I do.
I could go to bed early and get up early.
The most important things can't be learned at school.
"Does a runner at your level ever feel like you'd rather not run today, like you don't want to run and would rather just sleep in?" He stared me and then, in a voice that made it abundantly clear how stupid he thought the question was, replied, "Of course. All the time!"
When we lace up our running shoes early in the morning we feel exactly the same way.
You're able to make a living as a novelist, working at home, setting your own hours, so you don't have to commute on a packed train or site through meetings. Don't you realize how fortunate you are? Compared to that, running an hour around the neighborhood is nothing, right?
Just as with school, you enter it, learn something, and then it's time to leave.
You can't please everybody.
I began to eat mostly vegetables, with fish as my main source of protein.

Three Athens in Midsummer - Running 26.2 Miles for the First Time

to stave off: éviter
to rack up: accumuler
hobbling down: boitiller
hindsight: recul
admonish: réprimander
jitters: frousse
baffle: déconcerter
squeaky: grinçant
to outrun: distancer
to whiz: siffler
stray: errant
dreary: morne
bead: perle
anchovy: anchois
scent: odeur
barren: stérile
shutter: obturateur
grate: grincer
blazing: embrasé
utter: absolu
grueling: exténuant
spigot: robinet
to snip off: découper
ghastly: épouvantable

I was basically trying to rack up the distance, not worrying about anything, but steadily increasing my pace and running as hard as I could.
Doing it gradually is important so you don't burn ut.
The point is to reach the peak of exhaustion about a month before.
I have to listen very carefully to the feedback from my body.
I'd made it a point of pride that no matter how hard things might get, I never walked.
There are three reasons I failed. Not enough training. Not enough training. And not enough training.
Train meticulously and rediscover what I was physically capable of. Tighten up all the loose screws, one by one.
Best to learn from my mistakes and put that lesson into practice the next time around.
I am writing, in other words, to put my thoughts in some kind of orders.
Up to nineteen miles I am sure I can run a good time, but past twenty-two miles I run out of fuel and start to get upset at everything. And at the end, I feel like a car that's run out of gas. But after I finish and some time has passed, I forgot all the pain and misery and am already planning how I can run an even better time in the next race. The funny thing is, no matter how much experience I have under my belt, no matter how old I get, it's all just a repeat of what came before.

Four Most of What I Know About Writing Fiction I learned by Running Every Day

sweltering: étouffant

I am following one of the basic rules for training: I never take two days in a row.
Running everyday is a kind of lifeline for me.
Focus: the ability to concentrate all your limited talents on whatever's critical at the moment.
I generally concentrate on work for three or four hours every morning.
As you age you learn to be happy with what you have. That's one of the few good points of growing older.

Five Even If I Had a Long Ponytail Back Then

cursing: jurer
glittering: brillant
acorn: gland
industrious: travailleur
barren: stérile
geese: oies
honed: aiguisé
hatchet: hachette
faithfully: fidèlement
notch: encoche
slush: neige fondue
thaw: dégel
a tank top: débardeur
tapering off: diminuer
brimming: déborder
to brag: se vanter
brash: impertinent
contrived: forcé
trite: banal
teeming: grouillant
plump: bruit sourd
filthy: sale
to belt out: beugler

Seeing a lot of water like every day is probably an important thing for human beings
I am aware of myself as one tiny piece in the gigantic mosaic of nature. I'm just a replaceable natural phenomenon, like the water in the river that flows under the bridge toward the sea.
There are plenty of things in this world that are way beyond me, plenty of opponents I can never beat.
But you need a great deal of energy to create an immune system and maintain it over a long period.
But, frankly, if I want to write a large scale work, increasing my strength and stamina is a must, and I believe this is something worth doing.
An unhealthy soul requires a healthy body.
Running is a great activity to do while memorizing a speech.

Six Nobody Pounded the Table Anymore, Nobody Threw Their Cups

whimsical: fantaisiste
to swell up: enfler
excruciating: atroce
bolt: vis
cog: roue dentée
to grit: sabler
plum: prune
sour: acide
seething: bouillonnant
pound: frapper
to waft: flotter
ragged: irrégulier
trudging: marcher péniblement
bellow: beuglement
fleeting: fugace
ankle: cheville
wobbly: branlant
fallout: conséquence
halfhearted: peu enthousiaste
ratcheted: baisser
notch: cran
to stir: mélanger
to grope: chercher à tâtons

No matter how slow I might run, I wasn't about to walk. Break one of my rules once, and I'm bound to break many more.
Still, the most significant fallout from running the ultramarathon wasn't physical but mental. What I ended up with was a sense of lethargy, and before I knew it, I felt covered by a thin film, something I've since dubbed runner's blues.
Each time I ran a full marathon, my time went steadily down.
Maybe the only thing we can do is accept it, without really knowing what's going on.
Competing against time isn't important. What's going to be much more meaningful to me now is how much I can enjoy myself, whether I can finish twenty six miles with a feeling of contentment.
I'm nothing more or less than a professional writer who knows his limits, who wants to hold on his abilities and vitality for as long as possible.

Seven Autumn in New York

Reaching the finish line, never walking, and enjoying the race. These three, in this order, are my goals.
All I have to go on are experience and instinct. Experience has taught me this: You've done everything you needed to do, and there is no sense in rehashing it. All you can do is wait for the race. And what instinct has taught me is this one thing only: Use your imagination.

Eight 18 Till I Die

It always feels wonderful to finish a marathon - it's a beautiful achievement - but I wasn't satisfied with the time.
As long as my body allows, I'll keep on running. Even if my time gets worse.
I've always done what I felt like doing in life.

Nine At Least He Never Walked

Learning from experience is what makes the triathlon so much fun.
If pain weren't involved, who in the world would ever go to the trouble of taking part in sports like the triathlon or the marathon, which demand such an investment of time and energy? Its precisely because of the pain, precisely because we want to overcome that pain, that we can get the feeling, through this process, of really being alive - or at least a partial sense of it.
What's most important is what you can't see but can feel in your heart. To be able to grasp something of value, sometimes you have to perform seemingly inefficient acts.
Focusing on each stride forward, but at the same time taking a long-range view, scanning the scenery as far ahead as I can. I am, after all, a long-distance runner.
For a runner like me, what's really important is reaching the goal I set to myself.

Afterword On Roads All Round the World

What's on my mind right now?
But for me, there was the hope that writing this book would allow me to discover my own personal standard.
For me, the main goal of exercising is to maintain, and improve, my physical condition in order to keep on writing novels.
Meanwhile, running for a quarter century makes for a lot of good memories.

mardi, décembre 10, 2024

Plantation de 10 arbres à Saint Ennemond

Pour la Sainte Catherine j'ai planté dix arbres à Saint Ennemond. Six arbres en racine de chez Gaidon et 4 arbres en pot de chez Planfor.

Emplacement #6 Prunier reine claude dorée (Gaidon)

Emplacement #7 Pêcher sanguine Despierre (Gaidon)

Emplacement #8 Abricotier Bergeron (Gaidon)

Emplacement # 9 Punier Questche Alsace (Gaidon)

Emplacement # 16 Nectarinier jaune (Gaidon)

Emplacement #17 Mirabellier (Gaidon)

Emplacement #18 Pêcher à chair jaune (Planfor)

Emplacement #19 Noyer commun Franquette (Planfor)

Emplacement #20 Nectarinier à chair blanche Morton

Emplacement #21 Pêcher à chair blanche "Grosse mignonne"

samedi, novembre 23, 2024

Nexus - Yuval Noah Harari

On a path to thousand dreams, we are looking for reality.

Prologue

spell: sort
to heed: écouter
to summon: appeler
hubris: démesure
deluded: qui se fait des idées
delusional: délirant
to posit: avancer
deceitful: déloyal
to waft: flotter
to pilfer: voler
momentous: historique
to spew: cracher
peppered: poivré
to conjure: faire apparaître
clump: motte
elusive: insaisissable
ploy: stratagème
staple: de base
to plague: ronger
a modicum: un minimum
unfathomable: énigmatique, incompréhensible

Prophets and theologians have summoned powerful spirits that were supposed to bring love and joy but occasionally ended up flooding the world with blood.
Power always stems from cooperation between large numbers of humans.
Science is a collaborative institutional effort rather than a personal quest.

Part 1 Human Networks

Chapter 1 What Is Information?

oblivious: inconscient
mishap: incident
falsehood: mensonge
hallowed: sacré
tellingly: efficacement
to squirm: se tortiller
awe: émerveillement
stirring: émouvant
overblown: exagéré
quaint: au charme désuet
nexus: connexion
tattered: en lambeaux
delusional: délirant
to tilt: pencher
Pro-British Jews living in Palestine set up a spy network code-named NILI to inform the British about Ottoman troop movements.
This accurately pointed to a certain aspect of reality, but it neglected other aspects.
Ultimately, each individual has a difference perspective of the world, shaped by the intersection of different personalities and life histories.
We can expect the flow of information to expose the occasional lies and errors and to ultimately provide us with a more truthful understanding of the world. On this crucial point, this book strongly disagrees with the naive view.
The Bible makes many serious errors in its description of both human affairs and natural processes.
Information sometimes represents reality, and sometimes doesn't. But it always connects. This is its fundamental characteristic.
"How well does it represent reality? Is it true or false?" then the more crucial questions are "How well does it connect people?" What new network does it create?"

Chapter 2 Stories: Unlimited Connections

to concur: être d'accord
berate: réprimander
enmeshed: emmêlé
recount: raconter
winged: ailé
saviour: saveur
to mince: hacher
kin: famille
hurtling: avancer à toute allure
ache: douleur
oxymoron: exemple : silence assourdissant
utterly: complètement
eel: anguille
to enshrine: conserver précieusement
mesmerizing: fascinnant
avert: éviter
foster: encourager
spell: sort
unblemished: sans tâches
to covet: convoiter
gambit: phrase d'ouverture
What holds human networks together tends to be fictional stories, especially stories about intersubjective things like gods, money and nations.
Fiction can be made as simple as we like, whereas the truth tends to be complicated, because the reality it is supposed to represent is complicated.
The truth is often painful and disturbing.
They just had to know the same story.
The 8 billion members of the global trade network are connected by stories about currencies, corporations and brand.
The social media accounts are usually run by a team of experts, and every image and word is professionally crafted and curated to manufacture what is nowadays called a brand.
To brand a product means to tell a story about that product, which may have little to do with product's actual qualities but which consumers nevertheless learn to associate with the product.
In 2020, Laszlo Hanyecz bought two pizzas for 10,000 bitcoins.
The financial value of bitcoin is an intersubjective reality that changed dramatically during the same period, depending on the stories people told and believed about bitcoin.
Intersubjective things like laws, gods and currencies are extremely powerful within a particular information network and utterly meaningful outside it.

The need to balance truth and order more urgent.

Chapter 3 Documents: The Bite of the Paper Tigers

bewailing: déplorer
stirring: émouvant
heart-wrenching: déchirant
eschew: éviter
dryly: d'un ton sec
mesmerise: fasciner
garland: enguirlander
weave : tisser
tally: compte
foraging: cueillette
forager: glaneur
purview: portée
alloted: alloué
siring: reproducteur
offspring: progéniture
straddle: enfourcher
to dispose: se débarrasser
outbreak: épidémie
cesspit: fosse d'aisance
loophole: faille
conscript: appeler
bestow: décerner
cub: petit
chick: poussin
cockroach: cafard
upended: renversé
slumber: sommeiller
uphill: ardu
plan: élément
benevolence: acte de bienveillance

The dollar, the pound sterling and the bitcoin are all brought by persuading people to believe a story, and tales told by bankers, finance ministers and investment gurus raise or lower their value.
Tel Aviv : a loose Hebrew translation of "old New Land"
Stories are a highly efficient vehicle for communicating factual, conceptual, emotional, and tacit information.
If your dog eats a hundred-dollar bill, those hundred dollars cease to exist.
Unlike bacteria, viruses aren't single-cell organisms.
Viruses don't eat or metabolize, and cannot reproduce by themselves. They are tiny packet of genetic code, which are able to penetrate cells, hijack their cellular machinery and instruct them to produce more copies of that alien genetic code. The new copies burst out of the cell to infect and hijack more cells, which is how the alien code turns viral.
It takes a minute to tweet allegations of bias, fraud or corruption, and many weeks of arduous work to prove or disprove them.
In bureaucratic systems, power often comes from understanding how to manipulate obscure budgetary loopholes and from knowing your way around labyrinths of offices, committees and subcommittees.
Just then the rebels capture a clerk and accuse him of being able to write and read.
Many rebels might have been illiterate, but they knew that without the documents the bureaucratic machine couldn't function.
In our family it became a sacred duty to preserve documents. Bank statements, electricity bills, expired student cards, letters from the municipality - if it had an official stamp on it, it would be filled in one of the many folders in our cupboard. You never knew which of these documents might one day save your life.
AI is also acquiring the ability to compose stories better than most humans.
We have now seen that information networks don't maximise truth, but rather seek to find a balance between truth and order.

Chapter 4 Errors: The Fantasy of Infallibility

solace: réconfort
fallible: faillible
vetted: approuvé
purported: supposé
layperson: personne non initiée; profane
to creep in: rentrer sans bruit
thorny: épineux
scroll: rouleau, parchemin
unfathomable: incompréhensible
brazen: effronté
meddling: ingérence
to forestall: prévenir
to tear: déchirer
ripped: déchiré
oblivious: inconscient
forgery: contrefaçon
far-reaching: considérable
ascribed: attribué
meek: humble
awed: impressionné
blight: dégradé
witchcraft: sorcellerie
cast: jeter
spell: sort
friar: moine
foil: contrecarrer
adamant: inflexible
lust: désir sexuel
parish: paroisse
vernacular: jargon
flimsy: fragile
doomed: condamné
quash: supprimer
ghastly: épouvantable
woe: malheur
nay: voire
maiden: jeune fille
wretched: malheureux
turnip: navet
rinds: épluchures
shudder: trembler
craze: engouement
lurid: éclatant
dull: ennuyeux
cobwebs: toile d'araignée
leeway: marge
trump: surpasser
commendable: louable
wayward: difficile
disparaging: désobligeant
gospel: évangile
downright: absolu
stifle: réprimer
outlandish: excentrique
to eschew: éviter
rifts: failles
dim: sombre
The book thereby ensures that many people in many times and places can access the same database.
The book became an important religious technology in the first millenium BCE.
Anticipating the blockchain idea by two thousands years, Jews began making numerous copy of the holy code.
With numerous Bibles available in far-flung locations, Jews replaced human despotism with divine sovereignty. The social order was now guaranteed by the infallible technology of the book. Or so it seemed.
Orthodox Jews invented a 'Sabbath elevator', which continuously goes up and down buildings, stopping on every floor, without you having to perform any 'work' by pressing an electrical button.
In every day life, this view meant that for the rabbis words in texts were often more important than fact in the world.
That's the belief in a supposedly infallible superhuman technology like the New Testament led to the rise of an extremely powerful but fallible human institution like the Catholic Church that crushed all opposing views as 'erroneous' while allowing no one to question its own views.
Like money, witches were made real by exchanging information about witches.
Humans are susceptible to adopt fake memories.
Witch hunts were a catastrophe caused by the spread of toxic information. They are a prime example of a problem that was created by information and was made worse by more information.
What really got the scientific revolution was neither the printing process nor a completely free market of information, but rather a novel approach to the problem of human fallibility.
Science is a team effort, relying on institutional collaboration rather than on individual scientists or, say, a single infaillible book.
Conspiracy theorists tend to be extremely skeptical regarding the existing consensus, but when it comes to their own beliefs, they lose all their skepticism and fall prey to confirmation bias.
You learn from your mistakes.
Catholic Church of today is far less antisemitic and misogynist than it was in medieval and early modern times.
Ton autorité vient de ta capacité à reconnaître tes erreurs.
The history of information networks has always involved maintaining a balance between truth and order.

vendredi, novembre 15, 2024

Hoka Clifton 9 Orange

Pour remplacer mes chaussures de course ON running qui ne m'ont pas convaincues, j'ai de nouveau acheté des Hoka Clifton 9 couleur Orange :

Taille : 44 2/3
Poids : 238g
Drop : 5 mm
Première sortie aujourd'hui avec les semelles orthopédiques de juillet 2024. On verra si le mal aux cervicales réapparait.

mardi, octobre 22, 2024

Marathon de Chicago

Un marathon major de plus accompli avec Chicago, c'est le principal. Ce fut aussi le plus dur avec un temps final de 4:44.

Une défaillance à partir du 20 ème km que j'explique par le fait de ne pas avoir pu vider mes intestins. J'ai énormément bu (trop) et me suis arrosé avec de nombreux verre d'eau. J'ai fini tout au courage en me disant que j'ai pas fait tous les efforts pour venir à ce marathon et abandonner.

lundi, octobre 07, 2024

23 ème marathon - Entrainement pour le marathon de Chicago

800 km d'entrainement en 4 mois (19 semaines) et 56 séances pour le marathon de Chicago.
10 sorties vélo pour un total de 678 km
Une interruption de 4 semaines suite à des douleurs cervicales.
L'objectif pour le marathon est de faire mieux que le précédent (4h10)
Passage espéré en 1 heure 53 minutes ou 1 heure 54 minutes au semi-marathon

mercredi, octobre 02, 2024

Mastering Bitcoin Programming the Open Blockchain

Chapter 1 Introduction

Finding the Current Price of Bitcoin:

Bitcoin Average https://bitcoinaverage.com
CoinCap https://coincap.io
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Bitcoin Reference Rate https://oreil.ly/ACieC

Chapter 2 How Bitcoin works

Blockchain explorers:

Blockstream Explorer https://blockstream.info
Mempool.Space https://mempool.space
BlockCypher Explorer https://live.blockcypher.com

Chapter 3 Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation

GitHub Bitcoin page: https://oreil.ly/BdOwl
You may connect your node instead to an alternative network, such as a free satellite data provider like Blockstream satellite: https://oreil.ly/cIwf3
The data is returned in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), a format that can be easily be "consumed" by all programming languages but is also quite human readable.

Chapter 8 Digital Signatures

Two signatures algorithms are currently used in Bitcoin, the schnorr signature algorithm and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).
Multiple parties can collaborate to construct transactions and sign only one input each.
In Bitcoin's use of digital signature algorithms, the "message" being signed is the transaction, or more accurately a hash of a specific subset of the data in the transaction, called the commitment hash. The signing key is the user's private key.

Chapter 9 Transaction fees

The first transaction in a block is a coinbase transaction which allows the miner of a block to collect their reward for producing the block. Unlike other transactions, a coinbase transaction doesn't spend the output of a previous transaction and is also an exception to several other rules that apply to other transactions. Coinbase transactions don't pay transaction fees, don't need to be fee bumped, aren't subject to transaction pinning.

Chapter 10 The Bitcoin Network

Bloom filters are used to filter the transactions (and blocks containing them) that a lightweight client receives from its peers, selecting only transactions of interest to the lightweight client without revealing exactly which addresses or keys it is interested in.

Chapter 11 The Blockchain

Merkle trees are used extensively by lightweight clients. Lightweight clients don't have all transactions and do not download full blocks, just block headers. In order to verify that a transaction is included in a block, without having to download all the transactions in the block, they use a merkle path.

Chapter 12 Mining and Consensus

hoard: réserve
clearinghouse: bureau central
tug-of-war: tir à la corde
emergent consensus: consensus is an emergent artifact of the asynchronous interaction of thousands of independent nodes, all following simple rules.
Jing's specialized hardware is connected to a server running a full node.
The goal is now to find a header that results in a hash less than the target.
The digest is a digital commitment to the input

Chapter 13 Bitcoin Security

reckless: imprudent
embezzlement: détournement de fonds

Chapter 14 Second-Layer Applications

RGB's documentation https://rgb.tech
Both RGB and Taproot Assets are protocols built on top of the Bitcoin protocol. The only asset natively supported by Bitcoin is bitcoin.
Taproot Asset's documentation
The preimage is just the data that is used as input to a hash function.
The LN was first described by Joseph Poon and Thadeus Dryja in February 2015 https://oreil.ly/NM8LC
Basics of Lightning technology (BOLT) https://oreil.ly/lIGIA
Creating a payment channel requires a funding transaction, which must be committed to the Bitcoin blockchain.
The LN implements an onion-routed protocol based on a scheme called Sphinx: https://oreil.ly/fuCiK
Unlike Tor (an onion-routed anonymization protocol on the internet), there are no "exit nodes" that can be placed under surveillance.
Each participant knows only the previous and next node in each hop.
LN payments are much more private than payments on the Bitcoin blockchain, as they are not public.
What will you do with the knowledge you have gained?
You can run a full node to validate the Bitcoin payments you receive, build applications that make it easier for other people to use Bitcoin, or help educate other people about Bitcoin and its potential.

jeudi, septembre 05, 2024

21 Lessons: What I've Learned From Falling Down the Bitcoin Rabbit Hole

mardi, août 27, 2024

La vigne au 26 août 2024 et au 3 septembre 2024 : maturation

Les prélèvements de maturation des matins d'août et septembre ont donné les résultats suivants :
Progression de 1 degré en 8 jours
Il y a beaucoup de mildiou sur la partie centre Nord de la parcelle. Les nombreuses pluies ainsi que le traitement "en fixe" sont la raison de ce mildiou :

Les dégâts causés par le mildiou

J'ai passé le rotofil sur la parcelle afin de couper les herbes pour avoir une parcelle plus agréable à vendanger :

lundi, août 12, 2024

Resistance Money - Andrew M. Bailey, Bradley Rettler, Graig Warmke

Resistance Money

Sans aucun doute, le meilleur livre que j'ai lu sur Bitcoin à ce jour.

1 Bitcoin's genesis

to heed: écouter
prescient: annonciateur
dubbed: surnommé
cunning: malin
trinket: bijou
behest: ordre
to stifle: réprimer
groundhog: marmotte
momentous: capital
aplenty: en abondance
trump: prendre
to trespass: pénétrer illégalement
to squint: loucher
the choir: la chorale
goading: pousser
crummy: miteux

Our transactions encode our dreams and desires.
Prior to Bitcoin, digital seemed incompatible with cash.
Corporations that issue stock are makers.
Many influential bitcoin enthusiasts do endorse Austrian economics and some form of radical libertarianism or even anarcho-capitalism.
The central question of the book is wether we ought to prefer a world with bitcoin to a world without bitcoin.

2 What Bitcoin really is

installment: épisode
rod: baguette
scrunch: chiffonner
to pour: verser

Makers: Money has Makers. Even if you're unfamiliar with corporate finance, you've likely used the dollar, euro, or yen. Their makers are banks.
Managers: Few store their life savings in cash under a pillow. Instead, we have others store our savings for us : managers.
David Chaum's privacy project, Digicash, and Hal Finney's implementation of bitgold.
Mediators: When using cash, you hand over some dollars bills, and the transaction is complete. No one else needs to know what happened, and no one else needs to cooperate for full settlement to occur. The handover is the settlement. In modern electronic payment systems, the "handover" often involves a complex web and trusted parties. These are the mediators.
Bitcoin addresses - i.e., the "places" where we hold bitcoin in the ledger - actually correspond to location on a geometric curve.
Miners compete to find a number by trial-and-error. They take node-approved transactions and "scrunch" them. The scrunching occurs within a Merkle tree.
Bob hasn't really sent bitcoin to Alice's address until the transaction appears in the ledger. Once it does, the transaction output locks bitcoin to Alice's address. The output remains an unspent transaction output - a UTXO - until Alice unlocks it with a digital signature in a transaction of her own.
UTXO are like little digital checks; they are digital financial instruments that need an authorized digital signature to spend the quantities of bitcoin they specify. Alice's UTXO specifies a quantity of bitcoin under her control. And it's under her control because she has the private key for the recipient address in the UTXO. With that private key, Alice can produce a verifiable digital signature. As long as Alice retains exclusive access to this private key, she alone can get a transaction in the ledger that spends the UTXO in question.
So now we have the digital version of physical possession - exclusive information control.
Volskuil: Censorship resistance property

3 Where Bitcoin fits

ferret: furet
skid: dérapage
lumber: bois
wiggle: latitude
ore: minerai
to endow: doter
scheming: faire des plans
hogged: monopoliser
straggler: retardataire
splinter: se briser
handily: facilement
apt: pertinent
spade: pelle
aptness: pertinence
to fare well: bien s'en sortir
goodness: vertu

Money is a social kind and solves a problem.
The history of money is, in part, the history of humanity.
A medium of exchange - this is what money is.
Store of value and unit of account.
Bitcoin miners perform a service - competitive publishing that protects against double-spending and preserves the issuance schedule.
Bitcoin solves a problem of coincident wants, not for consumers in search of food but for speculators in search of a profitable trade.
Bitcoin isn't just digital money; it's a directly possessable digital money that's costly too produce and lacks central issuers.
Supply Equality Ratio (SER) - the ratio of "supply held by addresses with one ten-millionth of the current supply of native units to the supply held by the top one percent of addresses". Even among the most widely distributed coins, Bitcoin has a SER around 50% higher than ethereum and 200% higher than litecoin.

This is remarkable, since bitcoin is also the primary crypto asset being custodied by large financial institutions; a trend that increases SER's denominator and puts overall downward pressure on the ratio. The sustained increase in bitcoin's SER shows that, in spite of large institutions entering the space, bitcoin is still very much a grassroots movement.

Network Distribution Factor (NDF), which is the "ratio of supply held by addresses with at least one ten-thousandth of the current supply of native units to the current supply". A low NDF signifies better distribution as there are fewer entities at the top 0.01%. Conversely, a NDF close to 1 signifies very low crypto asset distribution". Bitcoin shines again, with half the NDF as its closest competitors, ethereum and litecoin.
Anyone can risk a little now for a potentially massive benefit later.
Bitcoin's global daily volume surpasses that of many state-issued currencies.
"It is a global distributed database, with additions to the database by consent of the majority, based on a set of rules...You could say coins are issued by the majority. They are issued in a limited, predetermined amount" Nakamoto (2009)

4 Behind the veil

clerk: employé
fullness: abondance
welder: soudeur
yoked: atteler
nipped: mordre
to stem: juguler
spawn: produire
wedded: lier
bob and weave: flotter
flimsy: fragile

Who benefits from or is harmed by bitcoin, how, and to what degree?
Bitcoin now is the upstart competitor that threatens to expose the weaknesses of the incumbents.
Bias of self-enhancement: we also tend to discount or dismiss ego-unfriendly evidence. Surestimer ses compétences.

5 Money machine

dung: fumier
tangle: fouillis
to recourse: recourir
wonky: bancal
accomplices: complices
to dole out: distribuer
stork: cigogne
tinker: bricoler
to flounder: patauger
hatch: trappe
chug: avancer tant bien que mal
hades: plongement d'une faille
to lurch: vaciller
attendant: domestique
peddler: colporteur
eschew: rejeter
to cast off: se débarrasser
careening: osciller
to beckon: attirer
chopping: découper
foreboding: inquiétant
riddled with: plein de
embezzle: escroquer

opt-in money machine
bitcoin's money machine
The contrats between the price stability that prevailed in most countries under the gold standard and the instability under fiat standards is striking.
Price levels under commodity and fiat standards
By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens.
The two design choices - fixed issuance and halving - serve to induce volatility.
Satoshi chose a deterministic schedule and its attendant price volatility over price volatility with a trusted party.
To achieve disintermediation, bitcoin was designed as a self-contained, deterministic money machine. The machine issues bitcoin not through rulers but through automated rules.
Maintain a fixed portfolio allocation to bitcoin - 5% for example. Nic Carter has made a similar point with respect ti institutional bitcoin allocation mandates.
Bitcoin offers an opt-in monetary system governed, not by bankers or bureaucrats but by rules.
"Current monetary arrangements represent not the rule of law, but the rules of central bankers".
The dollar is discretionary, and few are the deciders. Bitcoin is a machine.
People can simply hedge against both forms of instability by holding both dollars and bitcoin.
Under political pressure, or in a pandemic, or an economic downturn, will the central bankers pull the lever more than usual to create more money? That's up to them. But if they pull a little too hard and hyperinflation ensues, wouldn't you like to access an asset with no such lever? You might want bitcoin around to hedge, as a form of insurance.

6 Privacy in public

to vie: rivaliser pour obtenir
swaths: bande
profligate: dépensier
bent: penchant
reprisal: représailles
fleeter: flotte
diapers: couches
to forsake: abandonner
vow: voeu
sting: piqûre
hatch: éclore
to mow: tondre
glitter: paillettes
wad: paquet
wedge: cale
nefarious: abominable
glob: goutte visqueuse
to abscond: s'enfuir
sever: sectionner
to leave someone in the lurch: laisser qqn en plan
smeared: étalé
deeds: actes
weirdos: tordus
abiding: durable
to spur: inciter

Money, as a medium of exchange, is an altar upon which our sacrifices reveal our values
Amazon knows when you're depressed long before you go to the therapy.
Money is not just a medium of exchange but a medium of revelation.
Each UTXO is like a single-use digital check that represents some quantity of bitcoin. All these UTXO appear in a public, global accessible ledger.
A dollar's purchasing power in 2023 is 1/7th of what it was in 1971.
Despite its cypherpunk roots, bitcoin could become a tool for mass financial surveillance, in the same league as credit cards and digital dollars.
Using the cryptocurrency Zcash, users can send and receive value on a public ledger without revealing any information about amounts, destinations, or sources.
Bitcoin at present lacks the programmability and technical infrastructure to natively implement either zero-knowledge shielding or ring signatures at its base layer. But its open architecture enables other means for enhancing privacy.
At present, there are about 30,000 lightning nodes with public channels.
The network requires capital. Users must lock bitcoin into payment channels for the whole thing to work.
It's tough to buy a house with physical cash, and it's similarly tough to CoinJoin millions of dollars in bitcoin or send millions in bitcoin through lightning channels. Overall, both cash and bitcoin need a sufficiently large crowd to offer meaningful privacy.
For up-to-date statistics on lightning network nodes and channel capacity, see https://1ml.com
For a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of privacy on lightning - and its limits - see https://lightningprivacy.com
"Therefore the replacement of cash by central bank electronic money is likely to spur demand for alternative means of payments to solve specific privacy problems" - Kahn

7 Resisting Censorship

harrowing: atroce
frisked: fouiller
pelf: blé, oseille, argent
to elude: échapper
wield: exercer
gals: nanas
behest: ordre
elusive: insaisissable
staggering: impressionnant
lump: regrouper
plop down: laisser tomber
undergird: soutenir
remittance: paiement
squash: écraser
admittedly: il faut reconnaître

Bitcoin hosts less illicit activity than traditional fiat currencies in both absolute and relative terms.
Code is a form of protected speech, guarded by the First Amendment and a host of enthusiastic civil rights attorneys.
Censorship-resistant money already exists in the form of physical cash.

8 Money for the marginalized

undaunted: téméraire
qualms: scrupules
to tally: compter
haven: havre de paix
overdraft: découvert
predicament: situation délicate
fending: se débrouiller
to bum: taxer
sling: lancer
nip: mordre
heels: talons
to forgo: renoncer
damning: barrage
spurious: faux

Always and everywhere, watch for fees.
Bitcoin requires little more than an internet-connected device and a bitcoin private key, along with the address that it generates through elliptic curve multiplication.
The problem is us - human beings. We lack knowledge. We have imperfect judgment. And we have character flaws.
Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023, and Signature Bank on March 12 - bitcoin's price rose around $20,000 to $24,000. The market seems to have grasped the value of a trust-minimized monetary network in the face of a system that had lost the trust of depositors.
The bitcoin network is not a system of credit. There is no way to get a mortgage for your new home on the bitcoin network either. It is fundamentally a system of money, not finance.
Bitcoin is an alternative system. Its inclusivity stems from the simple but powerful design choice to forgo trusted authorities.
CDBCs would give users direct access to central bank money in digital form as opposed to mere commercial bank deposits.
Digital cash - not mere digital money - is the solution to these problems of inclusion. And that's what bitcoin is.
Unbanked people are better off in the bitcoin world.

9 Security through energy

heists: braquage
foil: déjouer
deterrent: moyen de dissuasion
liability: handicap
fanny pack: banane (ceinture)
to ward off: repousser
to vet: vérifier
scoured: fouiller
vent: cheminée
rub: qui fait mal
gullible: naif
trope: rhétorique
err: pêcher
sneer: ricaner
raucous: tapageur
askance: soupçonneur
lavish: promettre
kickbacks: pot de vins
heed: écouter
spur: stimulant
red herrings: diversion
sludge: boue

At the time of writing, aggregate power demand for bitcoin mining amounts to around 14.12 GW. That's a lot of gigawatts - about ten nuclear power plants's worth.
As with money, what we do with energy shows what we value.
Bitcoiners collectively pay miners to help secure bitcoin's monetary system, and those miners buy electricity with their earnings.
Different people value different things. And so people use energy in different ways. People who don't like to do certain things, furthermore, have a long history of objecting when other people do those things.
Nodes protect against false and counterfeit spending; miners protect against double-spending.
M0 - currency in circulation plus commercial bank reserves held in central bank accounts.
We've argued that bitcoin is useful as resistance money on dimensions ranging from privacy to financial exclusion and more.
Bitcoin miners often go bankrupt, which is evidence of thin margins. Also some bitcoin miners are publicly traded firms, and their financial reports also indicate razor-thin margins.

10 The Price of Energy

eggshell: coquille
trivialize: banaliser
casual: désinvolte
guzzling: engloutir
rigs: plateforme
belching: jaillir
redeeming: racheter
oughta: devoir
strike: coup
substantive: considérable
off the hook: non déclaré
gripping: captivant
sniff: reniflement
withering: méprisant
thrice: 3 fois
scathing: très critique
spring: ressort
mourn: pleurer
masquerading: se faire passer pour
cater: préparer
impinging: affecter
teeter-totter: faire du yoyo
kickbacks: pot de vin
delusions: illusions
flounder: patauger
to the fore: en avant
parlay: faire fructifier
stranded: abandonné
do-over: refaire
boonies: cambrousse
smelting: fondre
ruthlessly: impitoyable
dung beetle: insecte qui mange du fumier
buildout: construction
scrounging: grapiller

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT
But in an era of growing concerns about climate change, journalists and environmentalists claim bitcoin uses too much energy and emits too much carbon dioxide.
Environmentalists can embrace bitcoin without betraying their values.
Why in the world do we allow bitcoin to do more harm to our planet than Youtube, video games, or Switzerland?
Bitcoin emits far less than tobacco production, data centers, or gold mining - not to mention air-conditioning.
Physical exercise is like that - worth it despite the pain and risk of injury.
They would need to show that video gaming is more valuable than a tool for global financial inclusion, for resisting censorship, for enhancing financial privacy, and so on.
Oceanographer Camilo Mora "Bitcoin émissions alone could push global warming above 2°C"
Those in power typically lack the necessary insight to judge the value of certain activities, especially when they involve new technologies.
Notably, bitcoin's energy mix is already impressive - somewhere between 37% and 50% of electricity that miners uses is zero-emissions, compared to the global average of 16% - 20%
High prices drive new miners to enter the race, which increases hash rate and decreases profit margins for all. Only those with the cheapest energy survive long. In equilibrium, then, miners are pushed to the spatial and temporal corners of energy markets. And unlike other industries, they can actually go to those corners.
The economics of mining drive hashrate to the margins, which tend to be served by energy sources that few others want or can even use. They happen to be renewable sources of energy. Bitcoin is, as a result, inherently self-decarbonizing. It decarbonizes without policy intervention or direct climate action from its users.
Bitcoin mining doesn't just help with balancing intermittent sources of renewable energy. It also helps balance grids themselves.