Plantation de 10 arbres à Saint Ennemond

•  Pour la Sainte Catherine j'ai planté dix arbres à Saint Ennemond. Six arbres en racine de chez Gaidon et 4 arbres en pot de chez Planfor.

Emplacement #6  Prunier reine claude dorée (Gaidon)

Emplacement #7 Pêcher sanguine Despierre (Gaidon)

Emplacement #8 Abricotier Bergeron (Gaidon)

Emplacement # 9 Punier Questche Alsace (Gaidon)

Emplacement # 16 Nectarinier jaune (Gaidon)

Emplacement #17 Mirabellier (Gaidon)

Emplacement #18 Pêcher à chair jaune (Planfor)

Emplacement #19 Noyer commun Franquette (Planfor)

Emplacement #20 Nectarinier à chair blanche Morton

Emplacement #21 Pêcher à chair blanche "Grosse mignonne"

Nexus - Yuval Noah Harari

 

• On a path to thousand dreams, we are looking for reality.

Prologue

• spell: sort
• to heed: écouter
• to summon: appeler
• hubris: démesure
• deluded: qui se fait des idées
• delusional: délirant
• to posit: avancer
• deceitful: déloyal
• to waft: flotter
• to pilfer: voler
• momentous: historique
• to spew: cracher
• peppered: poivré
• to conjure: faire apparaître
• clump: motte
• elusive: insaisissable
• ploy: stratagème
• staple: de base
• to plague: ronger
• a modicum: un minimum
• unfathomable: énigmatique, incompréhensible

• Prophets and theologians have summoned powerful spirits that were supposed to bring love and joy but occasionally ended up flooding the world with blood.
• Power always stems from cooperation between large numbers of humans.
• Science is a collaborative institutional effort rather than a personal quest.

Part 1 Human Networks

Chapter 1 What Is Information?

• oblivious: inconscient
• mishap: incident
• falsehood: mensonge
• hallowed: sacré
• tellingly: efficacement
• to squirm: se tortiller
• awe: émerveillement
• stirring: émouvant
• overblown: exagéré
• quaint: au charme désuet
• nexus: connexion
• tattered: en lambeaux
• delusional: délirant
• to tilt: pencher
• Pro-British Jews living in Palestine set up a spy network code-named NILI to inform the British about Ottoman troop movements.
• This accurately pointed to a certain aspect of reality, but it neglected other aspects.
• Ultimately, each individual has a difference perspective of the world, shaped by the intersection of different personalities and life histories.
• We can expect the flow of information to expose the occasional lies and errors and to ultimately provide us with a more truthful understanding of the world. On this crucial point, this book strongly disagrees with the naive view.
• The Bible makes many serious errors in its description of both human affairs and natural processes.
• Information sometimes represents reality, and sometimes doesn't. But it always connects. This is its fundamental characteristic.
• "How well does it represent reality? Is it true or false?" then the more crucial questions are "How well does it connect people?" What new network does it create?"

Chapter 2 Stories: Unlimited Connections

• to concur: être d'accord
• berate: réprimander
• enmeshed: emmêlé
• recount: raconter
• winged: ailé
• saviour: saveur
• to mince: hacher
• kin: famille
• hurtling: avancer à toute allure
• ache: douleur
• oxymoron: exemple : silence assourdissant
• utterly: complètement 
• eel: anguille
• to enshrine: conserver précieusement
• mesmerizing: fascinnant
• avert: éviter
• foster: encourager
• spell: sort
• unblemished: sans tâches
• to covet: convoiter
• gambit: phrase d'ouverture
• What holds human networks together tends to be fictional stories, especially stories about intersubjective things like gods, money and nations.
• Fiction can be made as simple as we like, whereas the truth tends to be complicated, because the reality it is supposed to represent is complicated.
• The truth is often painful and disturbing.
• They just had to know the same story.
• The 8 billion members of the global trade network are connected by stories about currencies, corporations and brand.
• The social media accounts are usually run by a team of experts, and every image and word is professionally crafted and curated to manufacture what is nowadays called a brand.
• To brand a product means to tell a story about that product, which may have little to do with product's actual qualities but which consumers nevertheless learn to associate with the product.
• In 2020, Laszlo Hanyecz bought two pizzas for 10,000 bitcoins.
• The financial value of bitcoin is an intersubjective reality that changed dramatically during the same period, depending on the stories people told and believed about bitcoin.
• Intersubjective things like laws, gods and currencies are extremely powerful within a particular information network and utterly meaningful outside it.

• The need to balance truth and order more urgent.

Chapter 3 Documents: The Bite of the Paper Tigers

• bewailing: déplorer
• stirring: émouvant
• heart-wrenching: déchirant
• eschew: éviter
• dryly: d'un ton sec
• mesmerise: fasciner
• garland: enguirlander
• weave : tisser
• tally: compte
• foraging: cueillette
• forager: glaneur
• purview: portée
• alloted: alloué
• siring: reproducteur
• offspring: progéniture
• straddle: enfourcher
• to dispose: se débarrasser
• outbreak: épidémie
• cesspit: fosse d'aisance
• loophole: faille
• conscript: appeler
• bestow: décerner
• cub: petit
• chick: poussin
• cockroach: cafard
• upended: renversé
• slumber: sommeiller
• uphill: ardu
• plan: élément
• benevolence: acte de bienveillance

• The dollar, the pound sterling and the bitcoin are all brought by persuading people to believe a story, and tales told by bankers, finance ministers and investment gurus raise or lower their value.
• Tel Aviv : a loose Hebrew translation of "old New Land"
• Stories are a highly efficient vehicle for communicating factual, conceptual, emotional, and tacit information.
• If your dog eats a hundred-dollar bill, those hundred dollars cease to exist.
• Unlike bacteria, viruses aren't single-cell organisms.
• Viruses don't eat or metabolize, and cannot reproduce by themselves. They are tiny packet of genetic code, which are able to penetrate cells, hijack their cellular machinery and instruct them to produce more copies of that alien genetic code. The new copies burst out of the cell to infect and hijack more cells, which is how the alien code turns viral.
• It takes a minute to tweet allegations of bias, fraud or corruption, and many weeks of arduous work to prove or disprove them.
• In bureaucratic systems, power often comes from understanding how to manipulate obscure budgetary loopholes and from knowing your way around labyrinths of offices, committees and subcommittees.
• Just then the rebels capture a clerk and accuse him of being able to write and read.
• Many rebels might have been illiterate, but they knew that without the documents the bureaucratic machine couldn't function.
• In our family it became a sacred duty to preserve documents. Bank statements, electricity bills, expired student cards, letters from the municipality - if it had an official stamp on it, it would be filled in one of the many folders in our cupboard. You never knew which of these documents might one day save your life.
• AI is also acquiring the ability to compose stories better than most humans.
• We have now seen that information networks don't maximise truth, but rather seek to find a balance between truth and order.

Hoka Clifton 9 Orange

•  Pour remplacer mes chaussures de course  ON running qui ne m'ont pas convaincues, j'ai de nouveau acheté des Hoka Clifton 9 couleur Orange :

• Taille : 44 2/3
• Poids : 238g
• Drop : 5 mm
• Première sortie aujourd'hui avec les semelles orthopédiques de juillet 2024. On verra si le mal aux cervicales réapparait.

Marathon de Chicago

•  Un marathon major de plus accompli avec Chicago, c'est le principal. Ce fut aussi le plus dur avec un temps final de 4:44.

• Une défaillance à partir du 20 ème km que j'explique par le fait de ne pas avoir pu vider mes intestins. J'ai énormément bu (trop) et me suis arrosé avec de nombreux verre d'eau. J'ai fini tout au courage en me disant que j'ai pas fait tous les efforts pour venir à ce marathon et abandonner.

• 
  
  
  
  

23 ème marathon - Entrainement pour le marathon de Chicago

• 800 km d'entrainement en 4 mois (19 semaines)  et 56 séances pour le marathon de Chicago.
• 10 sorties vélo pour un total de 678 km
• Une interruption de 4 semaines suite à des douleurs cervicales.
• L'objectif pour le marathon est de faire mieux que le précédent (4h10)
• Passage espéré en 1 heure 53 minutes ou 1 heure 54 minutes au semi-marathon

Mastering Bitcoin Programming the Open Blockchain

 

Chapter 1 Introduction

• Finding the Current Price of Bitcoin:
• Bitcoin Average https://bitcoinaverage.com
• CoinCap https://coincap.io
• Chicago Mercantile Exchange Bitcoin Reference Rate https://oreil.ly/ACieC

Chapter 2 How Bitcoin works

• Blockchain explorers:
• Blockstream Explorer https://blockstream.info
• Mempool.Space https://mempool.space
• BlockCypher Explorer https://live.blockcypher.com

Chapter 3 Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation

• GitHub Bitcoin page: https://oreil.ly/BdOwl
• You may connect your node instead to an alternative network, such as a free satellite data provider like Blockstream satellite: https://oreil.ly/cIwf3
• The data is returned in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), a format that can be easily be "consumed" by all programming languages but is also quite human readable.

Chapter 8 Digital Signatures

• Two signatures algorithms are currently used in Bitcoin, the schnorr signature algorithm and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).
• Multiple parties can collaborate to construct transactions and sign only one input each.
• In Bitcoin's use of digital signature algorithms, the "message" being signed is the transaction, or more accurately a hash of a specific subset of the data in the transaction, called the commitment hash. The signing key is the user's private key.

Chapter 9 Transaction fees

• The first transaction in a block is a coinbase transaction which allows the miner of a block to collect their reward for producing the block. Unlike other transactions, a coinbase transaction doesn't spend the output of a previous transaction and is also an exception to several other rules that apply to other transactions. Coinbase transactions don't pay transaction fees, don't need to be fee bumped, aren't subject to transaction pinning.

Chapter 10 The Bitcoin Network

• Bloom filters are used to filter the transactions (and blocks containing them) that a lightweight client receives from its peers, selecting only transactions of interest to the lightweight client without revealing exactly which addresses or keys it is interested in.

Chapter 11 The Blockchain

• Merkle trees are used extensively by lightweight clients. Lightweight clients don't have all transactions and do not download full blocks, just block headers. In order to verify that a transaction is included in a block, without having to download all the transactions in the block, they use a merkle path.

Chapter 12 Mining and Consensus

• hoard: réserve
• clearinghouse: bureau central
• tug-of-war: tir à la corde
• emergent consensus: consensus is an emergent artifact of the asynchronous interaction of thousands of independent nodes, all following simple rules.
• Jing's specialized hardware is connected to a server running a full node.
• The goal is now to find a header that results in a hash less than the target.
• The digest is a digital commitment to the input

Chapter 13 Bitcoin Security

• reckless: imprudent
• embezzlement: détournement de fonds

Chapter 14 Second-Layer Applications

• RGB's documentation https://rgb.tech
• Both RGB and Taproot Assets are protocols built on top of the Bitcoin protocol. The only asset natively supported by Bitcoin is bitcoin.
• Taproot Asset's documentation
• The preimage is just the data that is used as input to a hash function.
• The LN was first described by Joseph Poon and Thadeus Dryja in February 2015 https://oreil.ly/NM8LC
• Basics of Lightning technology (BOLT) https://oreil.ly/lIGIA
• Creating a payment channel requires a funding transaction, which must be committed to the Bitcoin blockchain.
• The LN implements an onion-routed protocol based on a scheme called Sphinx: https://oreil.ly/fuCiK
• Unlike Tor (an onion-routed anonymization protocol on the internet), there are no "exit nodes" that can be placed under surveillance.
• Each participant knows only the previous and next node in each hop.
• LN payments are much more private than payments on the Bitcoin blockchain, as they are not public.
• What will you do with the knowledge you have gained?
• You can run a full node to validate the Bitcoin payments you receive, build applications that make it easier for other people to use Bitcoin, or help educate other people about Bitcoin and its potential.

21 Lessons: What I've Learned From Falling Down the Bitcoin Rabbit Hole

 

• 21lessons.com/rabbithole
• bitcoin-resources.com

La vigne au 26 août 2024 et au 3 septembre 2024 : maturation

•  Les prélèvements de maturation des matins d'août et septembre ont donné les résultats suivants :
  
  Progression de 1 degré en 8 jours
  
  
• Il y a beaucoup de mildiou sur la partie centre Nord de la parcelle. Les nombreuses pluies ainsi que le traitement "en fixe" sont la raison de ce mildiou :

Les dégâts causés par le mildiou

• J'ai passé le rotofil sur la parcelle afin de couper les herbes pour avoir une parcelle plus agréable à vendanger :
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Resistance Money - Andrew M. Bailey, Bradley Rettler, Graig Warmke

 

Resistance Money

• Sans aucun doute, le meilleur livre que j'ai lu sur Bitcoin à ce jour.

1 Bitcoin's genesis

• to heed: écouter
• prescient: annonciateur
• dubbed: surnommé
• cunning: malin
• trinket: bijou
• behest: ordre
• to stifle: réprimer
• groundhog: marmotte
• momentous: capital
• aplenty: en abondance
• trump: prendre
• to trespass: pénétrer illégalement 
• to squint: loucher
• the choir: la chorale
• goading: pousser
• crummy: miteux

• Our transactions encode our dreams and desires.
• Prior to Bitcoin, digital seemed incompatible with cash.
• Corporations that issue stock are makers.
• Many influential bitcoin enthusiasts do endorse Austrian economics and some form of radical libertarianism or even anarcho-capitalism.
• The central question of the book is wether we ought to prefer a world with bitcoin to a world without bitcoin.

2 What Bitcoin really is

• installment: épisode
• rod: baguette
• scrunch: chiffonner
• to pour: verser

• Makers: Money has Makers. Even if you're unfamiliar with corporate finance, you've likely used the dollar, euro, or yen. Their makers are banks.
• Managers: Few store their life savings in cash under a pillow. Instead, we have others store our savings for us : managers.
• David Chaum's privacy project, Digicash, and Hal Finney's implementation of bitgold.
• Mediators: When using cash, you hand over some dollars bills, and the transaction is complete. No one else needs to know what happened, and no one else needs to cooperate for full settlement to occur. The handover is the settlement. In modern electronic payment systems, the "handover" often involves a complex web and trusted parties. These are the mediators.
• Bitcoin addresses - i.e., the "places" where we hold bitcoin in the ledger - actually correspond to location on a geometric curve.
• Miners compete to find a number by trial-and-error. They take node-approved transactions and "scrunch" them. The scrunching occurs within a Merkle tree.
• Bob hasn't really sent bitcoin to Alice's address until the transaction appears in the ledger. Once it does, the transaction output locks bitcoin to Alice's address. The output remains an unspent transaction output - a UTXO - until Alice unlocks it with a digital signature in a transaction of her own.
• UTXO are like little digital checks; they are digital financial instruments that need an authorized digital signature to spend the quantities of bitcoin they specify. Alice's UTXO specifies a quantity of bitcoin under her control. And it's under her control because she has the private key for the recipient address in the UTXO. With that private key, Alice can produce a verifiable digital signature. As long as Alice retains exclusive access to this private key, she alone can get a transaction in the ledger that spends the UTXO in question.
• So now we have the digital version of physical possession - exclusive information control.
• Volskuil: Censorship resistance property

3 Where Bitcoin fits

• ferret: furet
• skid: dérapage
• lumber: bois
• wiggle: latitude
• ore: minerai
• to endow: doter
• scheming: faire des plans
• hogged: monopoliser
• straggler: retardataire
• splinter: se briser
• handily: facilement
• apt: pertinent
• spade: pelle
• aptness: pertinence
• to fare well: bien s'en sortir
• goodness: vertu

• Money is a social kind and solves a problem.
• The history of money is, in part, the history of humanity.
• A medium of exchange - this is what money is.
• Store of value and unit of account.
• Bitcoin miners perform a service - competitive publishing that protects against double-spending and preserves the issuance schedule.
• Bitcoin solves a problem of coincident wants, not for consumers in search of food but for speculators in search of a profitable trade.
• Bitcoin isn't just digital money; it's a directly possessable digital money that's costly too produce and lacks central issuers.
• Supply Equality Ratio (SER) - the ratio of "supply held by addresses with one ten-millionth of the current supply of native units to the supply held by the top one percent of addresses". Even among the most widely distributed coins, Bitcoin has a SER around 50% higher than ethereum and 200% higher than litecoin.
• This is remarkable, since bitcoin is also the primary crypto asset being custodied by large financial institutions; a trend that increases SER's denominator and puts overall downward pressure on the ratio. The sustained increase in bitcoin's SER shows that, in spite of large institutions entering the space, bitcoin is still very much a grassroots movement.
• Network Distribution Factor (NDF), which is the "ratio of supply held by addresses with at least one ten-thousandth of the current supply of native units to the current supply". A low NDF signifies better distribution as there are fewer entities at the top 0.01%. Conversely, a NDF close to 1 signifies very low crypto asset distribution". Bitcoin shines again, with half the NDF as its closest competitors, ethereum and litecoin.
• Anyone can risk a little now for a potentially massive benefit later.
• Bitcoin's global daily volume surpasses that of many state-issued currencies.
• "It is a global distributed database, with additions to the database by consent of the majority, based on a set of rules...You could say coins are issued by the majority. They are issued in a limited, predetermined amount" Nakamoto (2009)

4 Behind the veil

• clerk: employé
• fullness: abondance
• welder: soudeur
• yoked: atteler
• nipped: mordre
• to stem: juguler
• spawn: produire
• wedded: lier
• bob and weave: flotter
• flimsy: fragile

• Who benefits from or is harmed by bitcoin, how, and to what degree?
• Bitcoin now is the upstart competitor that threatens to expose the weaknesses of the incumbents.
• Bias of self-enhancement: we also tend to discount or dismiss ego-unfriendly evidence. Surestimer ses compétences.

5 Money machine

• dung: fumier
• tangle: fouillis
• to recourse: recourir
• wonky: bancal
• accomplices: complices
• to dole out: distribuer
• stork: cigogne
• tinker: bricoler
• to flounder: patauger
• hatch: trappe
• chug: avancer tant bien que mal
• hades: plongement d'une faille
• to lurch: vaciller
• attendant: domestique
• peddler: colporteur
• eschew: rejeter
• to cast off: se débarrasser
• careening: osciller
• to beckon: attirer
• chopping: découper
• foreboding: inquiétant
• riddled with: plein de
• embezzle: escroquer

• opt-in money machine
• bitcoin's money machine
• The contrats between the price stability that prevailed in most countries under the gold standard and the instability under fiat standards is striking.
  
  Price levels under commodity and fiat standards
  
  
• By a continuing process of inflation, governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens.
• The two design choices - fixed issuance and halving - serve to induce volatility.
• Satoshi chose a deterministic schedule and its attendant price volatility over price volatility with a trusted party.
• To achieve disintermediation, bitcoin was designed as a self-contained, deterministic money machine. The machine issues bitcoin not through rulers but through automated rules.
• Maintain a fixed portfolio allocation to bitcoin - 5% for example. Nic Carter has made a similar point with respect ti institutional bitcoin allocation mandates.
• Bitcoin offers an opt-in monetary system governed, not by bankers or bureaucrats but by rules.
• "Current monetary arrangements represent not the rule of law, but the rules of central bankers".
• The dollar is discretionary, and few are the deciders. Bitcoin is a machine.
• People can simply hedge against both forms of instability by holding both dollars and bitcoin.
• Under political pressure, or in a pandemic, or an economic downturn, will the central bankers pull the lever more than usual to create more money? That's up to them. But if they pull a little too hard and hyperinflation ensues, wouldn't you like to access an asset with no such lever? You might want bitcoin around to hedge, as a form of insurance.

6 Privacy in public

• to vie: rivaliser pour obtenir
• swaths: bande
• profligate: dépensier
• bent: penchant
• reprisal: représailles
• fleeter: flotte
• diapers: couches
• to forsake: abandonner
• vow: voeu
• sting: piqûre
• hatch: éclore
• to mow: tondre
• glitter: paillettes
• wad: paquet
• wedge: cale
• nefarious: abominable
• glob: goutte visqueuse
• to abscond: s'enfuir
• sever: sectionner
• to leave someone in the lurch: laisser qqn en plan
• smeared: étalé
• deeds: actes
• weirdos: tordus
• abiding: durable
• to spur: inciter

• Money, as a medium of exchange, is an altar upon which our sacrifices reveal our values
• Amazon knows when you're depressed long before you go to the therapy.
• Money is not just a medium of exchange but a medium of revelation.
• Each UTXO is like a single-use digital check that represents some quantity of bitcoin. All these UTXO appear in a public, global accessible ledger.
• A dollar's purchasing power in 2023 is 1/7th of what it was in 1971.
• Despite its cypherpunk roots, bitcoin could become a tool for mass financial surveillance, in the same league as credit cards and digital dollars.
• Using the cryptocurrency Zcash, users can send and receive value on a public ledger without revealing any information about amounts, destinations, or sources.
• Bitcoin at present lacks the programmability and technical infrastructure to natively implement either zero-knowledge shielding or ring signatures at its base layer. But its open architecture enables other means for enhancing privacy.
• At present, there are about 30,000 lightning nodes with public channels.
• The network requires capital. Users must lock bitcoin into payment channels for the whole thing to work.
• It's tough to buy a house with physical cash, and it's similarly tough to CoinJoin millions of dollars in bitcoin or send millions in bitcoin through lightning channels. Overall, both cash and bitcoin need a sufficiently large crowd to offer meaningful privacy.
• For up-to-date statistics on lightning network nodes and channel capacity, see https://1ml.com
• For a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of privacy on lightning - and its limits - see https://lightningprivacy.com
• "Therefore the replacement of cash by central bank electronic money is likely to spur demand for alternative means of payments to solve specific privacy problems" - Kahn

7 Resisting Censorship

• harrowing: atroce
• frisked: fouiller
• pelf: blé, oseille, argent
• to elude: échapper
• wield: exercer
• gals: nanas
• behest: ordre
• elusive: insaisissable
• staggering: impressionnant
• lump: regrouper
• plop down: laisser tomber
• undergird: soutenir
• remittance: paiement
• squash: écraser
• admittedly: il faut reconnaître

• Bitcoin hosts less illicit activity than traditional fiat currencies in both absolute and relative terms.
• Code is a form of protected speech, guarded by the First Amendment and a host of enthusiastic civil rights attorneys.
• Censorship-resistant money already exists in the form of physical cash.

8 Money for the marginalized

• undaunted: téméraire
• qualms: scrupules
• to tally: compter
• haven: havre de paix
• overdraft: découvert
• predicament: situation délicate
• fending: se débrouiller
• to bum: taxer
• sling: lancer
• nip: mordre
• heels: talons
• to forgo: renoncer
• damning: barrage
• spurious: faux

• Always and everywhere, watch for fees.
• Bitcoin requires little more than an internet-connected device and a bitcoin private key, along with the address that it generates through elliptic curve multiplication.
• The problem is us - human beings. We lack knowledge. We have imperfect judgment. And we have character flaws.
• Silicon Valley Bank on March 10, 2023, and Signature Bank on March 12 - bitcoin's price rose around $20,000 to $24,000. The market seems to have grasped the value of a trust-minimized monetary network in the face of a system that had lost the trust of depositors.
• The bitcoin network is not a system of credit. There is no way to get a mortgage for your new home on the bitcoin network either. It is fundamentally a system of money, not finance.
• Bitcoin is an alternative system. Its inclusivity stems from the simple but powerful design choice to forgo trusted authorities.
• CDBCs would give users direct access to central bank money in digital form as opposed to mere commercial bank deposits.
• Digital cash - not mere digital money - is the solution to these problems of inclusion. And that's what bitcoin is.
• Unbanked people are better off in the bitcoin world.

9 Security through energy

• heists: braquage
• foil: déjouer
• deterrent: moyen de dissuasion
• liability: handicap
• fanny pack: banane (ceinture)
• to ward off: repousser
• to vet: vérifier
• scoured: fouiller
• vent: cheminée
• rub: qui fait mal
• gullible: naif
• trope: rhétorique 
• err: pêcher
• sneer: ricaner
• raucous: tapageur
• askance: soupçonneur
• lavish: promettre
• kickbacks: pot de vins
• heed: écouter
• spur: stimulant
• red herrings: diversion
• sludge: boue

• At the time of writing, aggregate power demand for bitcoin mining amounts to around 14.12 GW. That's a lot of gigawatts - about ten nuclear power plants's worth.
• As with money, what we do with energy shows what we value.
• Bitcoiners collectively pay miners to help secure bitcoin's monetary system, and those miners buy electricity with their earnings.
• Different people value different things. And so people use energy in different ways. People who don't like to do certain things, furthermore, have a long history of objecting when other people do those things.
• Nodes protect against false and counterfeit spending; miners protect against double-spending.
• M0 - currency in circulation plus commercial bank reserves held in central bank accounts.
• We've argued that bitcoin is useful as resistance money on dimensions ranging from privacy to financial exclusion and more.
• Bitcoin miners often go bankrupt, which is evidence of thin margins. Also some bitcoin miners are publicly traded firms, and their financial reports also indicate razor-thin margins.

10 The Price of Energy

• eggshell: coquille
• trivialize: banaliser
• casual: désinvolte
• guzzling: engloutir
• rigs: plateforme
• belching: jaillir
• redeeming: racheter
• oughta: devoir
• strike: coup
• substantive: considérable
• off the hook: non déclaré
• gripping: captivant
• sniff: reniflement
• withering: méprisant
• thrice: 3 fois
• scathing: très critique
• spring: ressort
• mourn: pleurer
• masquerading: se faire passer pour
• cater: préparer
• impinging: affecter
• teeter-totter: faire du yoyo
• kickbacks: pot de vin
• delusions: illusions
• flounder: patauger
• to the fore: en avant
• parlay: faire fructifier
• stranded: abandonné
• do-over: refaire
• boonies: cambrousse
• smelting: fondre
• ruthlessly: impitoyable
• dung beetle: insecte qui mange du fumier
• buildout: construction
• scrounging: grapiller

• dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT
• But in an era of growing concerns about climate change, journalists and environmentalists claim bitcoin uses too much energy and emits too much carbon dioxide.
• Environmentalists can embrace bitcoin without betraying their values.
• Why in the world do we allow bitcoin to do more harm to our planet than Youtube, video games, or Switzerland?
• Bitcoin emits far less than tobacco production, data centers, or gold mining - not to mention air-conditioning.
• Physical exercise is like that - worth it despite the pain and risk of injury.
• They would need to show that video gaming is more valuable than a tool for global financial inclusion, for resisting censorship, for enhancing financial privacy, and so on.
• Oceanographer Camilo Mora "Bitcoin émissions alone could push global warming above 2°C"
• Those in power typically lack the necessary insight to judge the value of certain activities, especially when they involve new technologies.
• Notably, bitcoin's energy mix is already impressive - somewhere between 37% and 50% of electricity that miners uses is zero-emissions, compared to the global average of 16% - 20%
• High prices drive new miners to enter the race, which increases hash rate and decreases profit margins for all. Only those with the cheapest energy survive long. In equilibrium, then, miners are pushed to the spatial and temporal corners of energy markets. And unlike other industries, they can actually go to those corners.
• The economics of mining drive hashrate to the margins, which tend to be served by energy sources that few others want or can even use. They happen to be renewable sources of energy. Bitcoin is, as a result, inherently self-decarbonizing. It decarbonizes without policy intervention or direct climate action from its users.
• Bitcoin mining doesn't just help with balancing intermittent sources of renewable energy. It also helps balance grids themselves.

Mildiou dans la vigne : 7 août 2024

•  Quelques photos du dégât du mildiou dans la vigne :
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

Le verger au 7 août 2024 : quelques photos des arbres

 Quelques photos des arbres du verger le 7 août 2024: 

pêcher dixired

figuier

pommier grany smith

cerisier summit

poirier beurre hardy

pommier reine des reinettes

cognassier

cerisier burlat

pommier Fuji

poirier doyenne du comice

grillotier montmorency

• Préparation pour la prochaine plantation à la Sainte Catherine:
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

L'énergie, face cachée de la monnaie - Pierre Noizat

1. Premier principe

• "Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme." Lavoisier

2. Deuxième principe

• "Sans échange d'énergie avec l'extérieur, l'énergie d'un système à tendance à se disperser le plus possible." Rudolf Clausius

3. Troisième principe

• "Toute structure dissipative s'auto-organise pour maximiser le flux d'énergie qu'elle capte." Ilya Prigogine
• Un vélo convertit le flux d'énergie mécanique fourni par le cycliste en énergie cinétique. C'est sa raison d'être : quand le flux cesse, le vélo s'arrête et peut tomber. Quand le flux d'énergie chimique contenue dans l'alimentation du cycliste s'interrompt, il peut mourir de faim. Le vélo et le cycliste sont ainsi des structures dissipatives.
• Temps libre n'est pas synonyme d'oisiveté mais d'optionalité, c'est à dire la capacité de choisir ce qu'on fait de ce temps. 
• C'est parce que le temps libre est rare qu'il est précieux.

5. Entropie

• Il faut fournir de l'énergie à un système pour réduire son entropie. Dans le système international, elle se mesure en joules par kelvin (J/K).
• La pleine conscience consiste à s'imprégner de notre environnement sans le juger, c'est à dire sans traiter l'information comme un flux, qui influence inévitablement nos pensées et nos actions.
• L'information est équivalente à l'énergie.
• Le sommeil représente une alternance dans la capture d'information par les êtres vivants, ce qui permet de la stocker et de la trier en mémoire. A ce titre, le sommeil est une phase essentielle du processus de réduction de notre entropie.

7. Temps

• Il existe au moins deux autres distorsions du temps, la perception du temps en fonction de l'âge et l'écoulement du temps en fonction de la vitesse.
• En vertu de la loi des rendements décroissants, la diminution d'entropie diminue avec l'âge, ce qui explique l'impression que le temps s'écoule plus vite à l'âge adulte que lorsque nous étions enfant. En effet, dans l'enfance, tout est nouveau et donc presque toutes les données que nous recevons constituent de l'information, soit des données qui contribuent à réduire notre incertitude sur notre environnement. Ce bonheur ressenti dans l'enfance ne peut que diminuer avec l'âge.
• En résumé, moins il y a de changement ou de mouvement, plus le temps passe vite.

10. Inflation

• Monnaie-marchandise comme l'or.
• Monnaie-preuve d'énergie comme Bitcoin.
• Monnaie-promesse d'énergie, à l'instar des monnaies traditionnelles comme l'euro, ou bien les actions d'une société cotée.
• L'émission du prêt bancaire est une création de monnaie par la banque, et chaque remboursement de l'emprunteur correspond ensuite à une destruction de monnaie.
• L'augmentation progressive des prix remplace petit à petit la propriété des biens par leur usage, au profit de groupes qui dispensent ces services. Le développement de la location s'étend presque à tous les secteurs.
• Il faut rembourser la dette pour maintenir les conditions d'asservissement qui touchent la majorité des gens et qui profitent à la minorité dont ils font partie.
• Toutes les entreprises ne bénéficient pas équitablement de la création monétaire, priorisée par les banquiers vers la promotion immobilière et les grandes entreprises.
• La mauvaise monnaie chasse la bonne dans les échanges, aussi connu sous le nom de loi de Gresham.
• "Bitcoin n'est pas un moyen de s'enrichir rapidement, c'est un moyen de ne pas s'appauvrir lentement". Jameson Lopp, 2029
• "fiat" "ainsi soit-il" en latin.
• "La dette d'aujourd'hui, c'est l'impôt de demain" pour paraphraser "les profits d'aujourd'hui ce sont les investissements de demain"
• Pluralisme monétaire.

11. Monnaie

• "Une monnaie est une technologie permettant de dépenser demain une valeur dont nous disposons aujourd'hui" ou, plus généralement, une technologie permettant de transférer de la valeur dans l'espace ou dans le temps.
• Une action transfère les profits futurs de la société dans le présent d'une transaction exactement comme la monnaie-promesse transfère l'énergie future de l'emprunteur.
• Une monnaie est un système remplissant trois fonctions, moyen d'échange, réserve de valeur et unité de compte.
• Pour masquer les effets de l'inflation, politiciens et banquiers ont imposé le passage du franc au nouveau franc en 1960 (avec un taux de conversion de 100 anciens francs pour 1 nouveau franc), puis le passage du nouveau franc à l'euro en 2002 (avec un taux de conversion de 6,56 francs pour un euro). Sans ces manipulations, une baguette serait payée aujourd'hui non pas 1 euro mais 656 francs.
• La monnaie fiat a perdu 91% de sa valeur depuis 1960, mais les changements d'unités ont permis de le dissimuler du grand public.
• La loi de Gresham s'applique : dans leurs achats, les détenteurs de Bitcoin préfèrent se débarrasser des euros plutôt que des bitcoins.
• Avant d'être une monnaie, Bitcoin est un réseau de paiement.
• Chacun peut participer directement au réseau en émettant des transactions et en conservant soi-même ses bitcoins.
• Pour les banques centrales, nous sommes devenus des collectionneurs aveugles, incapables de voir que leur monnaie n'a plus de contrepartie énergétique.
• Jérome Powell avait déclaré : "Nous imprimons l'argent numériquement. En tant que banque centrale, nous avons la capacité de créer de l'argent numériquement, et nous le faisons en achetant des bons du Trésor ou des obligations ou d'autres titres garantis par le gouvernement".
• L'utilité de la charrue se mesure à l'énergie supplémentaire que le paysan devrait déployer pour labourer son champ sans la charrue.

12. Progrès

• Les technologies de l'information, en priorisant la réduction d'entropie avant l'augmentation de la capture d'énergie, sont un atout plutôt que le fléau décrit par certains néo-luddites.

13. Rareté

• La puissance de calcul du réseau Bitcoin est d'environ 500 EH/s (500.10exp18)
• Hashrate = puissance de calcul = nombre total de calculs que l'ensemble des mineurs peuvent effectuer par seconde pour résoudre les blocs. Mesuré en hashes par seconde (H/s).
• EH = exahash = 10exp18 hashes

16. Utilité

• En général, l'inflation incite les épargnants à se "débarrasser" au plus vite de leurs réserves de liquidités en réalisant des investissements de toutes sortes, y compris de court terme.
• L'utilité d'un bien ou d'un service se mesure à la quantité d'énergie qui peut être épargnée ou libérée par ce bien ou ce service. Par exemple, l'utilité d'une charrue est la différence entre l'énergie utilisée par le paysan pour labourer son champ avec la charrue et l'énergie qu'il aurait dû déployer pour faire la même chose sans la charrue.
• Bitcoin est utile économiquement en tant que système monétaire avec ses propriétés qui le différencie des systèmes classiques de monnaie-dette, comme sa résistance à la censure et sa quantité limitée. Il est aussi utile socialement parce qu'il fixe indirectement un prix plancher planétaire pour les flux d'énergie, les énergies renouvelables et le travail.
• La valeur d'un bien ou d'un service combine deux composantes : sa rareté et son utilité.
• Un arbre tordu, dont le menuisier ne sait que faire, pourra pousser longtemps tranquillement tandis qu'un arbre bien droit sera coupé en planches puis vendu par le bûcheron. Dans cette parabole, l'inutilité est garante de longévité, de vie.
• "L'utilité de ce qui est dépend de ce qui n'est pas" Tao Te Ching

Once A Runner - John L. Parker, JR

 

• Un livre qui transpire le vécu des athlètes à haut niveau de performance. Un livre avec un vocabulaire extrêmement riche qui donne une description particulièrement authentique de ce que représente la course à pied en termes d'effort physique, de mental et de la philosophie du coureur. Bref un livre qui parle pour tout coureur à pied. Seule l'expérience vécue alliée à un vocabulaire puissant est capable de traduire tout ce que ressent et vie un coureur.
• Then he put his mind into neutral, locked on to the freckled (plein de tâches de rousseur) shoulder, and obtaining his mental abstracts: gliding, floating, covering ground.
• He also kept telling himself that they wouldn't all be this bad because if they were he surely couldn't live with it.
• But hang on, asshole, and maybe you can be a hero at the end.
• But as many runners he began to improve with age.
• Though he hated running long in the morning more than anything he could think of, Cassidy was ecstatic (fou de joie) to have his whole day's training behind him.
• One race represented months of training; each step the product of many miles of preparation.
• He was already beginning to ask himself the eternal self-doubt question: What Am I Doing Here?
• A runner is a miser (radin), spending the pennies of his energy with great stinginess (avarice), constantly wanting to know how much he has spent and how much longer he will be expected to pay. He wants to be broke at precisely the moment he no longer needs his coin.
• A runner who could not run was out of his element.
• Life is short, life is hard.
• Only two interval sessions a week and a long one on Sunday about 20 miles (32 km)
• Soon they will miss a workout. Then a few in a row.
• Quenton Cassidy's method of dealing with fundamentals doubts was simple: he didn't think about them at all. These questions had been considered a long time ago, decisions made, answers recorded, and the book closed.
• Not only better than his fellows, but better than himself.
• If he could conquer the weakness, the cowardice in himself, he would not worry about the rest.
• Dark, rainy mornings.
• He ran because it grounded him in basics.
• No one promised you there would be the universal justice.
• Little tricks of the mind were important to them. They knew it was psychologically easier to run a familiar course than a new one, so contrary to the advice in the magazines and jogger manuals, they seldom went exploring for changes of scenery.
• Though the toil (labeur) was arduous, they rarely spoke of the discomfort of training or racing in terms of pain; they knew that what gave pain its truly fearful dimension was a certain lack of familiarity. And these were sensations they knew very well.
• Cassidy locked in a steady pace, allowing his mind to slip into the pleasant half-conscious neutral state that all runners develop.
• How everyone loves a winner.
• I'm advising that you practice a certain amount of discretion.
• You've never seemed hungry enough.
• Go for the big time.
• That quarter-mile oval may be one of the few places in the world where the bastards can't screw you over. That's because there's no place to hide out there. No way to fake it or charm your way through, no deals to be made.
• We can strengthen the mind, temper the spirit, make the heart a goddamn machine. But then a strand of gristle (nerf) goes pop and presto you're a pedestrian.
• Lymphe, tissu lymphatique : liquide biologique, contient des globules blancs. Le tissu conjonctif soutient, lie ou distingue différents types de tissus et d'organes du corps.
• But all the books helped him one way or another.
• You barkin'up the wrong sleeve : tu fais fausse route.
• This rain that furnished the same kind of isolation as the dark of the night.
• A game can be won or lost on a split second's hesitation.

The Interval workout

• The runner deals nearly daily in such absolutes of physical limitations that the non runner confronts only in dire situations.
• The only difference between one and the next was the slight increase in lactic acid in the lifting muscles on the top of the thigh that made each a little more difficult and started hurting earlier in the sprint.
• The key was not how fast he could run, but how fast could run while tired.
• And more important the incredible psych he would build up prior to the race.
• In training it was best to think about training.
• Recovery was the key.
• In their minds they took up each set separately, as if it were all they had to do.
• But I expect you'll find out in your own way. That's why I'm going to let you do them by yourself, just the way people do everything that's important.
• No Highly trained runner slacks off (se relâcher) because he fears the pain, but because the quiet center of logic tells him he will win nothing if he runs himself to a standstill (arrêt).
• His mind was devoid of any thought save finishing the last one.
• Filled the toiled with bloody urine.

• You run  twenty miles? Without stopping?
• What was the secret, they wanted to know; in a thousand ways they wanted to know The Secret. And not one of them was prepared, truly prepared, to believe that it had not so much to do with chemicals and zippy (rapide) mental tricks as with that most unprofound and sometimes heartrending (déchirant) processes of removing molecule by molecule, the very tough rubber that comprised the bottoms of his training shoes. The Trial of Miles; Miles of Trials.
• When you're training you can think about anything you want, almost. But in a race, everyone thinks about the same thing: the race.
• I'll be out early and we'll talk strategy.
• You know those demons of yours you're always talking about?
• Knew well the carnivorous nature of prerace fears.
• You had to be calm in the heavy traffic, he knew, hold back your impatience and control the panic; wait for opportunities.
• At this point the carefully nurtured mental toughness, tempered by hours of interval work, would allow him to endure the shock to his system and race on.

Again to Carthage

• Loll (fainéantiser). That was the word for it. Time lolled away napping, thinking, daydreaming, waiting for his damaged corpuscles to rearrange themselves into a more perfect union.
• Trying to keep his shoes dry as long as he could.
• It wouldn't do any good to shower yet, he would just start sweating again.
• We definitely know our way around deferred gratification.
• It's your life you've been deferring. That comes crashing in on you. Maybe it hasn't really hit you yet, but it will.
• Live like a clock. What Jumbo meant was keep to you schedule. Eat at the same time, sleep at the same time. Live like a clock.
• Anyone with a week to live is undoubtedly in serious trouble, regardless of his finances.
• Context and chronology are everything.
• You've capitalized yourself mightily to this point.
• For years and years now, putting everything in, taking nothing out.
• No one will blame you, no one will fault you. Everything doesn't have to hurt, everything doesn't have to be a battle.