Artificial Intelligence - A Guide for Thinking Humans Melanie Mitchell

 

Part One Background

Chapter 1 The Roots of Artificial Intelligence

• The concept of supervised learning is a key part of modern AI.
• Training set. Test set.
• Perceptron learning algorithm.
• Even at beginning, AI suffered from a hype problem approach.
• "Easy things are hard" dictum: the human workers are hired to perform the "easy" tasks that are currently too hard for computers.

Chapter 2 Neural Networks and the Ascent of Machine Learning

• rebutted: réfuter
• to soar: monter en flèche
• pep: vitalité
• imbued: imprégné
• disparagingly: de façon désobligeante

• "activation"
• "back-propagation"
• I trained both a perceptron and a two-layer neural network, each with 324 inputs and 10 outputs, on the handwritten-digit-recognition task, using sixty thousand examples, and then tested how well each was able to recognize ten thousand new examples.
• The term "connectionist" refers to the idea that knowledge in these networks resides in weighted connections between units.

Chapter 3 AI Spring

• overlord: chef suprême
• eerily: sinistrement
• pun: jeux de mots
• derogatory: désobligeant
• tout: racoler
• shallow: superficiel
• self-awareness: conscience de soi
• dogged: obstiné
• contrivance: dispositif
• ergo: par conséquent
• to imbue: imprégner
• to spur: inciter
• to scoff at: se moquer de
• glaringly: extrêmement
• malevolent: malveillant
• to ascribe: attribuer
• wryly: ironiquement 
• rapture: extase
• post-haste: en toute hâte 
• conscripted: appeler
• dire: pressant
• to relent: céder
• a scant: peu de
• surfeit: excès
• to straddle: enfourcher
• zaniest: loufoque
• ploy: stratagème
• stung: piqûre
• wagering: pari
• foil: faire-valoir
• wherein: où
• harbinger: messager
• bearing: position

• The terms narrow and weak are used to contrast with strong, human-level or full-blown AI (sometimes called AGI, or Artificial General Intelligence).
• We're back to the philosophical question I was discussing with my mother: is there a difference between 'simulating a mind' and 'literally having a mind'?
• Ray Kurzweil, who is now director of engineering at Google.
• Singularity: "a future period during which the pace of technological change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed".
• Kurzweil agrees: "most of the brain's complexity comes from its own interaction with a complex world. Thus, it will be necessary to provide an artificial intelligence with an education just as we do with a natural intelligence.
• Kurzweil's thinking has been particularly influential in the tech industry, where people often believe in exponential technological progress as the means to solve all of society's problems.
• Kapor: "Perception of and physical interactions with the environment is the equal partner of cognition in shaping experience...Emotions bound and shape the envelope of what is thinkable"
• Crucial abilities underlying our distinctive human intelligence, such as perception, language, decision-making, common sense reasoning and learning.

Part Two Looking and Seeing

Chapter 4 Who, What, When, Where, Why

• The neural networks dominating deep learning are directly modeled after discoveries in neuroscience.
• Today's most influential and widely used approach: convolutional neural networks, or (as most people in the field call them) ConvNets.
• This calculation - multiplying each value in a receptive field by its corresponding weight and summing the results - is called a convolution. Hence the name "convolutional neural network".
• Would you like to experiment with a well-trained ConvNet? Simply take a photo of an object, and upload it to Google's "search by image" engine. Google will run a ConvNet on your image and, based on the resulting confidences (over thousands of possible object categories), will tell you its "best guess" for the image.

Chapter 5 ConvNets and ImageNet

• bunch: groupe
• updended: renversé
• jolt: soubresaut
• snooping: fouiner
• terse: sec
• stuffed: empaillé
• to tease out: extraire

• Yann LeCun, the inventor of Convnets.
• A cardinal rule in machine learning is "Don't train on the test data". It seems obvious.
• It turns out that the recent success of deep learning is due less to new breakthroughs in AI than the availability of huge amounts of data (thank you, internet!) and very fast parallel computer hardware.
• Facebook labelled your uploaded photos with names of your friends and registered a patent of classifying the emotions behind facial expressions in uploaded photos.
• ConvNets can be applied to video and used in self-driving cars to track pedestrians, or to read lips and classify body languages. Convnets can even diagnose breast and skin cancer from medical images, determine the stage of diabetic retinopathy, and assist physicians in treatment planning for prostate cancer.
• It could be that the knowledge needed for humanlike visual intelligence - for example, making sense of the "soldier and dog" photo at the beginning of the previous chapter - can't be learned from millions of pictures downloaded from the web, but has to be experienced in some way in the real world.

Chapter 6 A Closer Look at Machines That Learn

• to veer: virer
• speckling: moucheté
• repellent: répulsif
• skewed: faussé
• inconspicuous: qui passe inaperçu
• whack-a-mole: jeu du chat et de la souris
• adversarial: conflictuel
• ostrich: autruche

• I'll explore how differences between learning in ConvNets and in humans affect the robustness and trustworthiness of what is learned.
• The learning process of ConvNets is not very humanlike.
• The most successful ConvNets learned via a supervised-learning procedure: they gradually change their weights as they process the examples in the training set again and again, over many epochs (that is, many passes through the training set), learning to classify each input as one of a fixed set of possible output categories.
• Demis Hassabis, co-founder of Google DeepMind.
• Deep learning requires big data.
• Have you ever put a photo of a friend on your Facebook page and commented on it? Facebook thanks you!
• Deep learning, as always, requires a profusion of training examples.
• Upon purchase of a Tesla vehicle, must agree to a data-sharing policy with the company.
• Requiring so much data is a major limitation of deep-learning today. Yoshua Bengio, another high-profile AI researcher, agrees: "We can't realistically label everything in the world and meticulously explain every last detail to the computer. "
• The term unsupervised learning refers to a broad group of methods for learning categories or actions without labelled data.
• In machine-learning jargon, Will's network "overfitted" to its specific training set.
• They are overfitting to their training data and learning something different from what we are trying to teach them. 
• Commercial face-recognition systems tend to be more accurate on white male faces than on female or non white faces. Camera software for face detection is sometimes prone to missing faces with dark skin and to classifying Asian faces as "blinking".
• The spread of real-world AI systems trained on biased data can magnify these biases and do real damage.
• Should the data sets being used to train AI accurately mirror our own biased society - as they often do now - or should they be tinkered with specifically to achieve social reform aims? And who should be allowed to specify the aims or do the tinkering.
• More generally, you can often trust that people know what they are doing if they can explain to you how they arrived at an answer or a decision.
• The dark secret at the heart of AI.
• Ian Goodfellow, an AI expert who is part of the Google Brain team, says, "Almost anything bad you can think of doing to a machine-learning model can be done right now...and defending it is really, really hard".
• It's misleading to say that deep networks "learn on their own" or that their training is "similar to human learning". Recognition of the success of these networks must be tempered with a realization that they can fail in unexpected ways because of overfitting to their trains data, long-tails effects and vulnerability to hacking.
• The formidable challenges of balancing the benefits of AI with the risks of its unreliability and misuse.

Gödel Ester Bach - Douglas Hofstadter

 

Chapitre XI Cerveaux et pensées

• Ça n'est donc pas une si mauvaise idée, cette analogie entre le cerveau et une fourmilière.
• Cette idée de l'existence du général dans le particulier est d'une très grande importance.
• Les créatures fantastiques de notre logiciel cérébral qui naissent des étranges mélanges d'idées qui s'éveillent quand le corps s'endort.
• Il faut trouver une explication des activations de haut niveau des symboles qui ne s'appuie pas sur les phénomènes neuraux de bas niveau. Si c'est possible (et c'est une supposition essentielle des travaux actuels en intelligence artificielle) alors le cerveau ne serait pas l'unique support matériel de l'intelligence.
• Si, par contre, il n'existe aucun moyen d'effectuer des séquences d'activation de symboles sans avoir tout le matériel neutronique (que ces neurones soient réels ou simulés), c'est que l'intelligence est en fait un phénomène propre aux cerveaux et beaucoup plus difficile à comprendre qu'un phénomène devant son existence à une hiérarchie de lois de niveaux différents.
• Aux chapitres XVIII et XIX qui traitent de l'intelligence artificielle.

Chapitre XVIII Intelligence artificielle : passé

• MIU : un alphabet, des axiomes, 4 règles de production. Théorème de Gödel : tu dois sortir du jeu et y réfléchir de l'extérieur pour le comprendre.
• Comment pouvez-vous savoir si ce que vous faites n'est pas parfaitement futile ?
• Cela ne signifie pas pour autant qu'il est impossible d'avoir une intuition de ce qui est ou n'est pas une voie prometteuse.
• On a un objectif global qui, localement, sert de guide. Une des techniques qui ont été mises au point pour convertir des objectifs globaux en stratégies locales de recherche de dérivations est appelée réduction des problèmes.
• Vous remarquerez que tout dépend de la façon de se représenter "l'espace du problème", c'est à dire de ce qui est perçu comme une réduction du problème (mouvement en avant vers l'objectif global), et de ce qui est perçu comme un grossissement du problème (mouvement éloignant de l'objectif).
• Et quand l'espace du problème est légèrement plus abstrait que l'espace physique, les humains ne savent souvent pas plus que faire que les chiens qui s'assoient et se mettent à aboyer.
• D'une certaine façon, tous les problèmes sont des versions abstraites du problème du chien et de l'os.
• Les solutions impliquant la restructuration de l'espace du problème se présentent le plus souvent à l'esprit comme un éclair de compréhension que comme le résultat d'une série de processus mentaux lents et délibérés. Ces éclairs d'intuition proviennent probablement du coeur même de l'intelligence, et leur source est, inutile de le dire, un secret jalousement protégé de notre cerveau.
• Ce qui fait, en tout cas, cruellement défaut à l'IA, ce sont des programmes capables de "prendre du recul" pour regarder ce qui se passe et, munis de ces informations, de se réorienter vers le but recherché.
• Y-a-t-il dans nos vies des situations très répétitives que nous appréhendons caque fois de façon tout aussi stupide parce que nous avons pas une vue assez globale pour percevoir leur similitude ? Voilà qui nous ramène à ce problème récurrent : "Qu'est-ce que la similitude ?" Nous le retrouverons en tant que thème de l'IA lorsque nous parlerons de la reconnaissance des formes.
• Il s'appuie sur un grand nombre d'aptitudes différentes, comme doit le faire l'intelligence en général : un vaste recueil de connaissances, la technique de réduction des problèmes, un grand nombre de méthodes heuristiques, plus quelques astuces spéciales.
• La conscience analogique, qui est un aspect crucial de l'intelligence humaine.
• Quand une personne oublie quelque chose, cela signifie vraisemblablement qu'un pointeur de haut niveau a été perdu, et non pas que des informations ont été effacées ou détruites. Cela montre qu'il est extrêmement important de prendre note de la façon dont vous stockez de nouvelles expériences, car vous ne pouvez pas savoir à l'avance dans quelles circonstances, ou sous quel angle, vous voudrez extraire des informations de votre cerveau.
• Un principe général : quelque chose devient ennuyeux non pas quand vous avez épuisé son répertoire de comportement, mais quand vous avez défini les limites de l'espace contenant son comportement.
• Pourquoi certaines musiques sont-elles beaucoup lus profondes et beaucoup plus belles que d'autres ? C'est parce que leur forme est expressive, en tout cas pour certaines régions étranges de notre inconscient.
• Il est extrêmement intéressant que, dans le langage naturel, la syntaxe et la sémantique soient étroitement enchevêtrés.
• Ce type de décision se présente constamment : combien de niveaux devrait avoir un système ? Quelle quantité et quel type d'"intelligence" devraient être placés à quel niveau ? Ce sont là quelques-uns des problèmes les plus ardus auxquels l'IA doit actuellement faire face.

Chapitre XIX Intelligence artificielle : avenir

• Je pense que les "quasi" situations et les situations hypothétiques inconsciemment forgées constituent l'une des plus riches sources potentielles de compréhension de l'organisation et de la classification des perceptions de l'être humain.
• Songez à quel point nos vies mentales seraient pauvres si nous n'étions pas doués de ce pouvoir créatif de nous glisser hors de la réalité pour plonger dans de douces suppositions ! Du point de vue de l'étude des processus de réflexion humains, ce glissement, ou déplacement, est très intéressant, car il se produit la plupart du temps inconsciemment, ce qui signifie que l'observation des déplacements et des non-déplacements est très révélatrice de ce qu'est l'inconscient.
• Une des principales fonctions du réseau de concepts est de permettre de modifier légèrement des idées fausses pour les transformer en variantes qui peuvent être correctes.
• Essayer les idées récentes qui ont marché.
• Malaphore : recombinaison d'idées.

Maturation de la vigne au 14 août 2025

• Le prélèvement de maturation sur la parcelle de vigne a été effectué ce matin par mes soins. Voici les résultats sur un échantillon de 15 raisins pris en diagonale sur la parcelle :

Progression de 1 degré en 4 jours du 14/08 au 18/08 puis baisse de 1 degré (5mm de pluie) le 21/08

• Par rapport à 2024, le niveau d'acide tartrique (AT) est supérieur, mais c'est le même degré pour un prélèvement qui avait été effectué le 3 septembre 2024. Le poids des raisins est aussi supérieur. On peut donc dire que la vigne à trois semaines d'avance par rapport à l'année dernière.
• Il est tombé 4 mm de pluie cette nuit à Saint Ennemond. S'il pleut encore la semaine prochaine, les baies devraient grossir.

• La vigne a souffert de la sécheresse cette année. Certains ceps, heureusement peu nombreux, n'ont plus de feuilles :

• Le voisin utilise un robot pour désherber ses parcelles :
  
  

Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance - Robert M. Pirsig

 

• It's all of technology they can't take.
• Somewhere are people who understand it and run it but those are technologists, and they speak an inhuman language when describing what they do.
• You can't really think hard about what you're doing and listen to the radio at the same time.
• When you want to hurry something, that means you no longer care about it and want to get on to other things. I just want to get at it slowly, but carefully and thoroughly.
• If they can't stand physical discomfort and they can't stand technology, they've got a little compromising to do. They depend on technology and condemn it at the same time.
• A hang-up. You just sit and stare and think, and search randomly for new information, and go away and come back again, and after a while the unseen factors start to emerge.
• What we have here is a conflict of visions of reality. The world as you see it right here, right now, is reality, regardless of what the scientists say it might be.
• What you've got here, really, are two realities, one of immediate artistic appearance and one of underlying scientific explanation and they don't match and they don't fit and they don't have much of anything to do with one another.
• I want to divide human understanding into two kinds - classical understanding and romantic understanding.
• Both are valid ways of looking at the world although irreconcilable with each other.
• Mark Twain's experience comes to mind, in which, after he had mastered the analytic knowledge needed to pilot the Mississippi River, he discovered the river had lost its beauty. Something is always killed.
• The ultimate purpose of life, which is to keep alive, is impossible, but that this is the ultimate purpose of life anyway, so great minds struggle to cure diseases so that people may live longer, but only madmen ask why. One lives longer in order that he may live longer. There is no other purpose.

Part II

• To speak of certain government and establishment institutions as 'the system' is to speak correctly, since these organizations are founded upon the same structural conceptual relationships as a motorcycle. They are sustained by structural relationships even when they have lost all other meaning and purpose.
• To revolt against a government because it is a system is to attack effects rather than causes ; and as long as the attack is upon the effects only, no change is possible.
• If a revolution destroys a systematic government, but the systematic patterns of thought that produced that government are left intact, then those patterns will repeat themselves in the succeeding government. There's so much talk about the system. And so little understanding.
• It's a good day to be alive.

9

• hang up: contretemps
• gee-whiz: révolutionnaire
• juggernaut: pouvoir destructeur
• lumbering: lourd
• crank up: augmenter
• bluffs: bosquets

• That is induction: reasoning from particular experiences to general truths.
• Repair problems are not that hard.
• For this you keep a lab notebook. Everything gets written down, formally, so that you know at all times where you are, where you've been, where you're going and where you want to get.
• Sometimes just the act of writing down the problems straightens out your head as to what they really are.
• (1) statement of the problem, (2) hypotheses as to the cause of the problem, (3) experiments designed to test each hypothesis, (4) predicted results of the experiments, (5) observed results of the experiments and (6) conclusions from the results of the experiments.

10

• baffled: perplexe
• muddled: confus
• fetters: chaînes
• dreariness: monotone
• creepers: plantes grimpantes

• The state of mind which enables a man to do work of this kind is akin to that of the religious worshipper or lover. The daily effort comes from no deliberate intention or program, but straight from the heart.
• What shortens the life-span of the existing truth is the volume of hypotheses offered to replace it.
• The more you look, the more you see.
• Sometimes I'd a little better to travel than to arrive.

11

• timberline: cîme
• creek: ruisseau
• play tag: jouer au loup
• aspen: tremble (arbre)
• prow: proue
• thatched: avec un toit de chaume
• nod: signe de tête
• cognizance: conscience
• shiver: frissonner
• stunted: rabougri
• broad-leafed: feuillus
• thaw: dégel
• airtight: irréfutable
• slumber: sommeil
• nits: poux

• It was at a level at which everything shifts and changes, at which institutional values and verities are gone and there is nothing but one's own spirit to keep one going. His early failure had released him from any felt obligation to think along institutional lines and his thoughts were already independent to a degree few people are familiar with. He felt that institutions such as schools, churches, governments and political organizations of every sort all tended to direct thought for ends other than truth, for the perpetuation of their own functions, and for the control of individuals it the service of these functions.
• He was actively in pursuit of something now.
• What does it all mean? What's the purpose of all this?
• The primitive tribes permitted far less individual freedom than does modern society.
• "That all our knowledge begins with experience there can be no doubt".
• If I were  to go down to the bank and to ask to see my money they would look at me a little peculiarly. They don't have 'my money' in any little drawer that they can pull open to show me. 'My money' is nothing but some east-west and north-south magnetic domains in some iron oxide resting on a roll of tape in a computer storage bin. But I 'm satisfied with this because I've faith that if I need the thing that money enables, the bank will provide the means, through their checking system, of getting it.
• Tu es libre quand tu obéis à la loi que tu t'imposes en tant qu'être rationnel.
• Quel principe guide vraiment mon choix ?
• Avec son inversion copernicienne, Kant fait de l'esprit humain le centre actif de la connaissance, non un simple miroir passif du monde extérieur.

12

• whack: grand coup
• to gloss over: passer rapidement
• haywire: détraqué
• whacky: dingue
• miffed: vexé
• flunk: rater
• buff: musclé
• cocksure: arrogant
• blithely: gaiement
• miter: assembler
• honeysuckle: chèvrefeuille

• He became aware that  the doctrinal differences among Hinduism and Buddhism and Taoism are not anywhere near as important as doctrinal differences among Christianity and Islam and Judaism.

13

• fright: effroi
• ludicrous: ridicule
• rammed: bondé
• hush: chut
• kinship: parenté
• contemptuous: méprisant
• rumblings: grondements

• You are never dedicated to something you have complete confidence in. No one is fanatically shouting that the sun is going to rise tomorrow. They know it’s going to rise tomorrow. When people are fanatically dedicated to political or religious faiths or any kinds of dogmas or goals, it’s always because these dogmas or goals are in doubt.

14

• livestock: bétail
• slant: pencher
• grate: grille
• trout: truite
• marshmallow: guimauve
• wistfully: avec mélancolie
• to veer away: se déporter
• non sequitur: sophisme
• letdown: déception
• nuts: cinglé
• kindling: petit bois
• brook: ruisseau 
• slur: affront
• expound: énoncer
• to damn: condamner
• chopped-up: émincé
• contrive: planifier
• speechify: discourir
• ludicrous: absurde
• ugliness: laideur
• topsy-turvy: sans dessus dessous
• to vilify: diffamer
• quilt: couette

• For me a period of depression comes on when I reach a temporary goal like this and have to reorient myself toward another one.
• After you pick up skill, welding gives a tremendous feeling of power and control over the metal. You can do anything.
• If the machine produces tranquillity it's right. If it disturbs you it's wrong until either the machine or your mind is changed.
• The art of work is just as dependent upon your own mind and spirit as it is upon the material of the machine. That's why you need the peace of mind.
• You look at where you're going and where you are and it never makes sense, but then you look back at where you've been and a pattern seems to emerge. And if you project forward from that pattern, then sometimes you can come up with something.

15

• baffled: perplexe
• to jell : se constituer
• mimicry: imitation
• eddy: tourbillon
• perfunctorily: machinalement
• backwash: contrecoup
• spine-tingling: chair de poule
• jolt: à coup
• to trot: trotter
• itsy-betsy: minuscule
• wearily: avec lassitude
• despondent: déprimé

• We’ve all changed…so much since you left
• That’s all over for me now. I’m doing other things

Part III

16

• duff: litière
• wrought: forgé
• partridge: perdrix
• dull: terne
• drudge: bête de somme
• stump: poser une colle
• dismissal: licenciement
• balky: entêté
• nonplussed: perplexe
• rote: répétition
• to loaf: traîner
• contemptuous: méprisant
• hunch: intuition
• to sprain an ankle: se fouler une cheville

• There are as many routes as there are individuals souls.
• For every fact there is an infinity of hypotheses. The more you look the more you see.
• To force them to look within themselves, the only place they would ever get a really right answer.

17

• marsh: marais
• to crouch: s'accroupir
• moose: élan
• jagged: dentelé
• to expound: énoncer
• outline: contour
• to jack up: augmenter
• abode: demeure 
• holiness: sainteté
• selfless: désintéressé, altruiste

• To live only for some future goal is shallow. It's the sides of the mountain which sustain life, not the top.
• There is, in fact, no formal difference between inability to define and stupidity.
• He did't know where he was going. All he knew was that it worked.
• Any effort that has self-glorification as its final endpoint is bound to end in a disaster. When you try to climb mountain to prove how big you are, you almost never make it. And even if you do, it's a hollow victory. In order to sustain the victory you have to prove yourself again and again in some other way, and again and again and again, driven forever to fill a false image, haunted by the fear that the image is not true and someone will find out. That's never the way.

18

• to recoil: reculer
• to blather: jacasser
• overcast: nuageux
• thereupon: à ce sujet
• to conjure up: faire apparaître
• cleavage: scission
• squareness: caractère carré
• stave: échelon
• groovy: stylé
• cocky: trop sûr de soi
• rubbery: caoutchouteux
• flutter: battement
• damp: humide
• knoll: monticule

• I think that the referent of a term that can split a world into hip and square, classic and romantic, technological and humanistic, is an entity that can unite a world already split along these lines into one. A real understanding of Quality doesn't just serve the System, or even beat it or even escape it. A real understanding of Quality captures the System, tames it, and puts it to work for one's own personal use, while leaving one completely free to fulfill his inner destiny.

19

• to dispel: dissiper
• knoll: monticule
• ridge: crête
• springy: bondissant
• flunk out: être recalé
• to despise: mépriser
• smug: suffisant
• forceful: déterminé
• ominous: menaçant
• to dash: se précipiter

• He put it up on a kind of mental shelf where he put all kinds of questions he had no immediate answers for.

20

• barren: stérile
• creases: plis
• spook: flanquer la trouille
• eerie: étrange
• fussbudget: maniaque
• mesmerize: hypnotiser
• fright: peur
• faintheartedness: craintivité
• fathomless: insondable

• The silence allows you to do everything right.
• Believe me, when the world is not seen as a duality of mind and matter but as a trinity of quality, mind, and matter, then the art of motorcycle maintenance and other arts take on a dimension of meaning they never had.
• People differ about Quality, not because Quality is different, but because people are different in terms of experience.
• The sudden accumulated mass of awareness began to grow and grow into an avalanche of thought and awareness out of control.

21

• rind: peau
• What I want to do now in the Chautauqua is get away from intellectual abstractions of an extremely general nature and into some solid, practical, day-to-day information, and I’m not quite sure how to go about this.

22

• shattering: bouleversant
• leeward: sous le vent
• ascertainment: détermination
• quandary: dilemme
• serrated: en dents de scie
• rutty: défoncé
• wearily: péniblement
• spill: flaque
• logging: abattage
• sheepish: penaud
• twilight: crépuscule

• Jules Henri Poincaré
• Then it's the exception that becomes important. We seek not resemblances but differences, choose the most accentuated differences because they're the most striking and also the most instructive.
• The subliminal self, Poincaré said, looks at the large number of solutions to a problem, but only interesting ones break into the domain of consciousness.
• Poincaré judgment that the scientist selects facts, hypotheses and axioms on the basis of harmony.

24

• hopelessness: désespoir
• leaden feeling: sentiment lourd
• shank: tige
• stuck: bloqué
• sledge: masse
• folds: enclos
• homespun: fait maison
• sag: affaissement
• gorgeous: superbe
• hairpin: épingle à cheveux
• crag: rocher escarpé

• A person who sees Quality and feels it as he works is a person who cares.
• The classic-romantic split that I think underlies the whole humanist-technological problem.
• Quality is scientific reality. Quality is the goal of Art.
• The leading edge is where absolutely all the action is.
• You have to have a sense what's good. That is what carries you forward.
• The technology of fifty and a hundred years ago, always seem to look so much better than the new stuff.

25

• glare: lumière vive
• dullness: monotonie
• phony: faux
• tinsel: guirlandes de Noël
• mending: raccommodage
• scrubby: broussailleux
• scant: rare
• groovy: stylé
• contention: affirmation
• ghastly: épouvantable
• slant: pente
• to resent: en vouloir
• to fathom: comprendre

• Actually a root word of technology, techne, originally meant 'art'. The ancient Greeks never separated art from manufacture in their minds, and so never developed separate words for them.
• The answer is Phaedrus' contention that classic understanding should not be overlaid with romantic prettiness.
• The passions, the emotions, the affective domain of man's consciousness, are a part of nature's order too. The central part.
• The place to improve the world is first in one's own heart and head and hands, and then work outward from there.
• Just a sort of unexplained sadness that comes each afternoon when the new day is gone forever and there's nothing ahead but increasing darkness.

26

• dusty: poussiéreux 
• wisp: mêche
• guzzle: engloutir
• gumption: courage, cran, bon sens. Avoir de la gumption: être pleinement engagé, motivé, avec un esprit clair
• caliper: pied à coulisse
• lathe: tour
• goofed: faire une gaffe
• to conjure up: évoquer
• fussiness: caractère exigeant
• ailment: affection, maladie
• spic and span: impeccable
• dingy: miteux
• fidgety: agité
• louse up : gâcher
• nuts and bolts: écrous et boulons
• studs: clous
• tapped holes: trous taraudés
• warped: déformé
• stool: tabouret
• licked: léché
• sloppy: peu soigné
• tailgating: coller une voiture

• If you have a high evaluation of yourself then your ability to recognize new facts is weakened. Your ego isolates you from the Quality reality.
• Anxiety, the next gumption trap, is sort of the opposite of ego. You're so sure you'll do everything wrong you're afraid to do anything at all.
• You fix things that don't need fixing, and chase imaginary ailments. You jump to wild conclusions and build all kinds of errors into the machine because of your nervousness. These errors, when made, tend to confirm your underestimation of yourself.
• When you make the mistakes yourself, you at least get the benefit of some education.
• My favorite cure for boredom is sleep.
• I enjoy troubleshooting more than most and dislike cleaning more than most.
• Impatience is close to boredom but always results from one cause: an underestimation of time the job will take. Very few jobs get done as quickly as planned.
• Yes or no confirms or denies an hypothesis. Mu says the answer is beyond the hypothesis.
• Your understanding of the context of the question needs to be enlarged.
• Buy good tools as you can afford them and you'll never regret it.
• Pay attention to adequate lighting.
• Its' the way you live that predisposes you to avoid the traps and see the right facts.
• If you're a sloppy thinker the six days of the week you aren't working on your machine, what trap avoidances, what gimmicks, can make you all of a sudden sharp on the seventh? It all goes together.
• But if you're a sloppy thinker six days a week and you really try to be sharp on the seventh, then may be the next six days aren't going to be quite as sloppy as the preceding six. What I'm trying to come up with on these gumption traps, I guess, is shortcuts to living right.
• We've arrived at the West Coast! We're all strangers again! Folks, I just forgot the biggest gumption trap of all. The funeral procession! The one everybody's in, this hyped-up, fuck-you, super modern, ego style of life that thinks it owns this country. We've been out of it for so long I'd forgotten all about it.

Part IV

28

• quivering: tremblant
• loathsome: dégoutant
• writh: se tordre
• cognizance: conscience
• lore: connaissance
• lacy: en dentelle
• wrenches: clés
• dipstick: jauge de niveau
• smother: étouffer
• hark: écouter
• weasel: fouine
• skulk: rôder
• capstone: pierre finale
• rod: tige
• stationery: fournitures de bureau
• unbowed: insoumis
• skimmed: écrémé
• perjury: parjure

• Don't throw anything away. Never, never throw anything away.

29

• scabbard: fourreau
• smithy: forge
• hazy: brumeux
• spectaculars: grands spectacles
• bumblebees: bourdons
• worth: valeur
• endow: doter
• drizzle: brune
• raves: éloge
• to dwell on: s'étendre sur
• slight: affront
• contempt: mépris
• spite: méchanceté
• awe: émerveillement
• smugness: suffisance
• stunt: cascade
• wan: blême
• chuckholes: nids de poules
• dubious: douteux
• likeness: ressemblance
• enconium: louange
• fouled up: faire foirer
• shirttail: pan de chemise
• to despise: mépriser
• scent: parfum
• quarry: carrière
• edgy: nerveux
• fulcrum: point d'équilibre 
• feelers: antennes
• cookery: cuisine
• pandering: lêche bottes
• pimping: maquereau
• titter: gloussement
• winnowing: sélectionner
• sooty: couvert de suie
• abhor: détester
• to get over: oublier
• misgivings: doutes
• imperishable: impérissable
• slain: tué
• bereft: endeuillé
• deeds: actes
• wily: rusé
• schemer: inspirateur
• stout: fort
• furrow: sillon
• braggart: vantard
• flay: fouetter
• tugging: tirer sur
• pristine: pur
• Aretê: excellence, vertu, perfection; réaliser pleinement sa nature

• It's paradoxal that where people are the most closely crowded, in the big coastal cities in the East and West, the loneliness is the greatest. The explanation, I suppose, is that the physical distance between people has nothing to do with loneliness. It's psychic distance, and in Montana and Idaho the physical distances are big, but the psychic distances between people are small, and here it's reversed.
• My personal feeling is that this is how any further improvement of the world will be done: by individuals making Quality decisions and that's all.
• We do need a return to individual integrity, self-reliance and old-fashioned gumption.
• What are the three kinds of particular rhetoric?  'Forensic, deliberative and epideictic'
• What are the epideitic techniques? 'The technique of identifying likeness, the technique of praise, that of encomium and that of amplification'
• Phaedrus studied hard during this period, and learned extremely fast, and kept his mouth shut.
• The Iliad is the story of the siege of Troy.
• Duty towards self.
• One can acquire some peace of mind from just watching that horizon.
• We always condemn most in others, he thought, that which we most fearing ourselves.
• Happiness and good are not objective terms.

30

• womanish peevishness: irritabilité féminine
• drab: morne
• foil: faire-valoir
• barren: stérile
• outflank: contourner
• rubbery: caoutchouteux
• composure: calme
• surly: bourru
• spell: sort
• timberline: cîme
• scathingly: d'un ton cinglant
• hedge: haie
• loathsome: dégoûtant
• ruts: ornières
• eerie: étrange

• They've been at it all their lives.
• The white horse is temperate reason, the black horse is dark passion, emotion.
• Aristotle's opinion is that dialectic comes before everything else.
• A lifetime of blows tends to make a person unenthusiastic about any unnecessary interchange that might lead to more.
• No one else can cross it for you. You've got to cross it by yourself.

31

• slug: limace
• slime: bave
• to dawdle: traîner
• dew: rosée
• to recant: se rétracter
• hazy: brumeux
• contempt: mépris
• wail: pleurs
• teal: sarcelle
• whine: sifflement
• rag: chiffon

32

• to enshroud: envelopper
• groves: bosquets
• to conk on the head: frapper à la tête

• It's not as small as I think it is.
• Is it hard? No if you have the right attitudes. It's having the right attitudes that's hard.
• Trials never end, of course. Unhappiness and misfortune are bound to occur as long as people live.

Afterword

• baffled: déconcerté
• to confine: borner
• to conceive: tomber enceinte
• to recede: reculer
• to mend: raccommoder

• Who really can face the future? All you can do is project from the past, even when the past shows that such projections are often wrong. And who really can forget the past? What else is there to know?
• It gives a positive goal to work toward that does not confine.
• What is seen now so much more clearly is that although the names keep changing and the bodies keep changing, the larger pattern that holds us all together goes on and on.
• It will take work, it will take time.
• Reading is the enemy of writing.
• www.moq.org

Mildiou sur grappe

• Nous sommes le 26 juin 2025 et le mildiou a frappé sur quelques grappes de la parcelle. Difficile d'évaluer le pourcentage de dégâts.

• L’intensité correspond à la somme des pourcentages des dégâts observés par grappes, divisée par le nombre de grappes observées. Donc quand on parle d’une intensité de 79 %, ça veut dire 79 % de perte par rapport au rendement initial. Alors que la fréquence correspond au nombre de grappes symptomatiques par rapport au nombre de grappes observées. Donc celle-ci peut être élevée sans pour autant qu’il y ait une grosse diminution du rendement.

• Les images ci-dessous : 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

L'heure des prédateurs - Giuliano Da Empoli

 

• allogène : d'une origine différente de la population autochtone
• interlope : dont l'activité n'est pas légale
• luddite : ouvrier s'opposant aux techniques modernes
• componction : sentiment profond de regret

• La première loi du comportement stratégique est l'action. En situation d'incertitude, lorsque la légitimité du pouvoir est précaire et peut être remise en cause à tout moment, celui qui n'agit pas peut être sûr que les changements auront lieu à son désavantage.
• Cambridge Analytica.
• L'idée même d'une limite à la logique de la force, de la finance et des cryptomonnaies, à l'emballement de l'IA et des technologies convergentes, ou au basculement de l'ordre international vers la jungle, est sortie du domaine du concevable.
• Il n'y a pratiquement aucune relation entre la puissance intellectuelle et l'intelligence politique.
• La prise de risque est la seule vraie monnaie du jeu.
• "On n'attend pas le bon moment pour se lancer. On se lance en espérant que ce sera le bon moment."
• Ils parlent un langage inintelligible, dans le seul but de tromper les pauvres gens et, en fin de compte, ils ne s'occupent que de leurs propres affaires.
• Aux Etats-Unis, les avocats sont la catégorie professionnelle la plus détestée, juste derrière les politiciens.
• Augmenter la température pour multiplier l'engagement.
• Alimenter le réchauffement du climat social.
• "Moi je ne vois que ce que je crois" : lapsus Eric Zemmour.
• "Qui ne sait pas dissimuler ne sait pas régner"
• Comme les borgiens, l'IA se nourrit du chaos et en extrait la surprise.
• Ils étaient habitués à l'idée qu'acquérir des informations est le meilleur moyen de réduire l'incertitude sur l'avenir.
• Aujourd'hui, nous possédons de plus en plus d'informations et nous sommes de moins en moins capables de prédire l'avenir.
• Les borgiens sont à l'aise, parce qu'ils se nourrissent du chaos.
• Mais surtout le plaisir du contact humain, de sa chaleur et des surprises qu'il recèle. Tout le contraire des Asperger de la tech et de leur désir maniaque de transformer l'homme en machine.
• Waze souffre d'Asperger : ses efforts sont concentrés sur un seul objectif.
• Le Château s'approprie un bien public et le transforme en bénéfice privé.
• "Il se peut que la lumière qui éclaire notre univers s'éteigne et que nous soyons plongés dans une obscurité pareille à celle de cette nuit. Peut-être même quelque cataclysme, pire que la guerre, est-il déjà déclenché et, dans l'âme humaine, partout, les choses évoluent-elles de telle façon que tout ce qui doit être réglé le sera par le feu et l'épée. Il se peut que cette réponse soit réellement arrivée." Sándor Márai, Les Braises.
• "Les philosophes ne m'intéressent pas, je cherche des sages" 
• Curzio Malaparte Technique du coup d'État

Just Keep Buying - Nick Maggiulli

 

1. Where should you start? Why saving is for the poor and investing is for the rich

• neuroticism: névrotisme

I. SAVING

• If you are retired and can no longer work, you should spend more time on your investments.

2. How much should you save? It's probably less than you think.

• overarching: prédominant

• Phenoptypic plasticity, or the ability for an organism to change its physiology in response to its environment. When we have the ability to save more, we should save more, and when we don't, we should save less.
• The biggest determinant of an individual's saving rate is the level of their income.
• Earners in the bottom 20% saved 1% of their income annually while earners in the top 20% saved 24% of their income annually.
• Save what you can.
• The end result of this behavior is lots of money left to heirs.
• This data suggest that the fear of running out of money in retirement is a bigger threat to retirees than actually running out of money.
• Given the empirical research, the risk of running out of money for many current and future retirees remains low. This is why you probably need to save less than you think.

3. How to save more. The biggest lie in personal finance

• foraging: cueillette
• wiggle room: marge de manoeuvre
• floss: fil dentaire
• tout: racoler
• The human body will adjust its total energy expenditure over time based on physical activity.
• Despite the many documented health benefits of exercise, its effect on weight loss seems to be limited by human evolution.
• Increases in income aren't followed by similar increases in spending.
• Diminishing marginal utility: it means that each additional unit of consumption brings about less benefit than the unit before it. Personally I call it the law of stomach.
• They are taking these outlier cases and passing them off as normal.
• To save even more, think like an owner.
• The end goal should be ownership, using your additional income to acquire more income-producing assets.

4. How to spend money guilt-free. The 2x Rule and maximizing fulfillment

• unscathed: indemne
• to splurge: faire une folie

• Creates anxiety around spending money.
• 20% of investors worth $5 million and $25 million were concerned about enough money to make it through requirement.
• The 2x Rule works like this: Anytime I want to splurge (faire une folie) on something, I have to take the same amount of money and invest it as well. So, if I wanted to buy a $400 pair of dress shoes, I would also have to buy $400 worth of stocks (or other income-producing assets). This makes me re-evaluate how much I really want something because if I am not willing to save 2x for it, then I don't buy it.
• Autonomy (being self-directed), mastery (improving your skills), and purpose (connecting to something bigger than yourself) are the key components to human motivation and satisfaction.
• Your money should be used as a tool to create the life that you want.
• The difficulty lies not in spending your money, but figuring out what you truly want out of life:
• What kind of things do you care about?
• What scenarios would you prefer to avoid?
• What values do you want to promote in the world?
• After all, it's not the purchase that makes you feel guilty, but how you justify that purchase in your head.
• This is to ask yourself whether a given purchase will contribute to your long-term fulfillment.

5. How much lifestyle creep is okay? And why it's more than you think.

• Lifestyle creep is when someone increases their spending after experiencing an increase in income or as a way of keeping up with their peers.
• Why a savings goal of 25x annual spending can lead to a comfortable retirement.
• This analysis assumes that you require 25 times your annual spending to retire, you get an annual raise of 3%, and your portfolio grows 4% a year.
• Why you should save 50% of your raises.
• The 2x rule states that before you buy something expensive, you should set aside a similar amount of money to buy income-producing assets.

6. Should you ever go into debt? Why credit card isn't always bad.

• dry spells: vagues de chaleur
• lineage: descendant
• bet hedging: stratégie pour limiter les pertes dans un monde incertain.
• thriftier: économe

• The borrower is slave to the lender.
• Some of the world's poorest people actually use debt as a way to save money. Many poor borrowers around the world used debt as a behavioral crutch to force themselves to save money.
• Some people will always have a strong aversion towards debt even if they aren't in financial trouble.

7. Should you rent or should you buy? How to think about your biggest financial purchase

• Home maintenance can take up more time than you might initially imagine.

8. How to save for a down payment (and other big purchases) Why your time horizon is so important

• down payment: acompte, versement initial

• Cash is the most sure-fire, lowest risk way to save for a big upcoming purchase.
• Given that a two-year savings time horizon slightly favors cash and a five-year savings time horizon clearly favors bonds.
• Why Time Horizon is the Most Important Factor

9. When can you retire? And why money isn't the most important factor

• Why spending declines in retirement.
• Crossover point because this is the point when your monthly income crosses over your monthly expenses to grant you financial freedom.
• Your biggest concern during retirement is unlikely to be money anyway.
• The bigger retirement concern:
• Physical well- being, mental well-being, and solid social support play bigger roles than financial status for most retirees.
• Zelinski's book suggests that it is not a financial crisis you need to worry about in retirement, but an existential one.
• How will you spend your time?
• What social groups will. you interact with?
• What will be your ultimate purpose?
• Though money can solve many of your problems, it' won't solve all of your problems. Money is merely a tool to help you get what you want out of life. Unfortunately, figuring out what you want out of life is the hard part.

II. INVESTING

10. Why should you invest? Three reasons why growing your money is more important than ever before

• Saving for Your Future Self
• Preserving Wealth Against Inflation
• Replacing Your Human Capital with Financial Capital

11. What Should You Invest In? There is no one true path to wealth

• Since the U.S. government can just print any dollars they owe at will, anyone who lends to them is virtually guaranteed to get their money back.
• Lindy Effect states that something's popularity in the future is proportional to how long it has been around in the past.
• The hard part about products as investments is that they require lots of work upfront with no guarantee of a payout. There is a long road to monetization.
• Creating a product takes lots of time and effort.
• Pros: full ownership. Personal satisfaction. Can create a valuable brand.
• Gold, cryptocurrency, commodities, art, and wine have no reliable stream associated with their ownership.
• The bulk of my investments (90%) are in income-producing assets, with the remaining 10% spread out in non-income-producing assets such as art and various cryptocurrencies.

12. Why you shouldn't buy individual stocks Why underperforming is the least of your worries

• lull: accalmie

• The mental turmoil.
• Because Darren only bet what he was willing to lose, and he made sure that any such loses wouldn't affect his financial future.
• By buying an index fund or ETF is usually a far better bet than trying to pick big winners among individual stocks.
• Underperformance isn't a matter of it, but when.
• Yes, you had skill in the past, but what about now?
• The simplicity of indexing allows me to focus my attention on the things in life that are far more important than my portfolio.

13. How soon should you invest? And why earlier is better than later

• And it was data that he collected.
• Deep insight can be gleaned from one useful data point.
• Every day you end up waiting to invest usually means higher prices you will have to pay in the future.
• Invest what you can now.
• "The best time to start was yesterday. The next best time is today"
• The best timing approach is to invest your money as soon as you can.
• The Average-In strategy generally underperforms Buy Now most of the time.
• A higher standard deviation usually corresponds with a riskier investment or investment strategy.
• The standard deviation of the Buy Now strategy is always higher than the Average-In strategy when investing in the S&P 500.
• This is what investors want: outperformance, with lower risk.
• When deciding between investing all your money now or over time, it is almost always better to invest it now.
• Generally, the longer you wait to deploy your capital, the worse off you will be.
• Investors won't be able to keep buying as the market falls anyway.
• You should never wait to buy the dip.

14. Why you shouldn't wait to buy the dip. Even God couldn't beat dollar-cost averaging.

• 1996-2019 and the 1928-1957 periods just happen to be two periods where there were prolonged, severe bear markets.
• Buy the Dip typically underperforms DCA.
• Saving cash to buy the dip is futile. You would be far better offf if you Just Keep Buying.
• It's' generally better to invest sooner rather than later. Taken together, the conclusion is undeniable: you should invest as soon and as often as you can.

15. Why investing depends on luck And Why you shouldn't care

• The importance of your future returns increases as you add more money.
• The end is everything.
• The investment returns during your first decade of retirement are so important.
• Most markets go up most of the time.

16. Why you shouldn't fear volatility The price of admission for successful investing

• bust: fiasco

• Sometimes the biggest risk you can take is taking no risk at all.
• If you want the upside - building wealth - you have to accept volatility and periodic declines that come with it.
• In 2008 the S&P index was down 48%.
• Markets won't give you a free ride without some bumps along the way. You have to experience some downside in order to earn your upside.
• We have the ability to diversify.
• Volatility is just a part of the game. It comes with the territory of being an investor.

17. How to buy during a crisis Why you should stay calm in a panic 

• Just keep buying the next time there's blood in the streets.

18. When should you sell? On rebalancing, concentrated positions, and the purpose of investing

• Taking less time to monitor your investments each year allows you to spend more time doing the things you enjoy.
• Remove the emotion from the selling process.
• Whatever you decide to do, don't sell all of it at once. Why? Because of the tax consequences and the possibility of regret if the price skyrockets.
• To live the life that you want to live.
• What's the point of investing if you never get to enjoy the results?
• A safety net for you and your loved ones.
• You could even buy your dream car if you want.
• Each additional unit of consumption provides less happiness than the unit before. The same is true for wealth.
• This is why going from $0 to $1 million in wealth provides a much bigger boost to someone's happiness than going from $1 million to $2 million.

20. Why you will never feel rich And why you probably are

• eggnog: lait de poule
• roaches: cafards
• to abjure: renier

• I know from experience that recognizing your wealth is always harder than it seems.
• This was just like my friend John who couldn't see his wealth because all he knew growing up was being relatively poorer than his high school friends. Unfortunately, this feeling doesn't seem to go away even as you move further the wealth spectrum.
• Most people at the upper end of the income spectrum think that they are less well off than they actually are.
• Households above the 50th percentile (médiane) in income tend to underestimate how well they are doing relative to others.
• Wealth perception as a network problem.
• Why most people feel less popular than their friends: "Have you ever had the impression that other people have many more friends than you? If you have, you are not alone.
• You are likely far richer than you think.
• Because being rich is a relative concept.
• This why no one feels rich. Because it's always easy to point at someone who is doing better.

21. The most important asset And why you'll never get any more of it

• cryptic: énigmatique
• treacherous: traître

• Time is worth far more than money. Because you can do some things with time that you could never do with money. In fact, with enough time you could even move mountains (ce que je me disais quand j'étais jeune)
• This is why time is, and always be, your most important asset.
• I incorrectly believe that money was a more important asset than time.
• Wealth isn't an absolute game, it's a relative game.
• Over time, however, excessive optimism diminishes...People are not becoming depressed. They are becoming, well, realistic.

Conclusion: The just keep buying rules How to win the traveler's game

• Saving is for the Poor, Investing is for the Rich
• Save what you can
• Focus on Income, not Spending
• Use the 2x Rule to eliminate the spending guilt
• Save at least 50% of your future raises and bonuses
• Debt isn't Good or Bad, It depends on how you use it.
• Only buy home when the time is right
• When saving for a big purchase, Use Cash
• Retirement is about more than money
• Invest to replace your waning human capital with financial capital
• Think like an Owner and Buy Income-Producing Assets
• Don't Buy Individual Stocks
• Buy Quickly, Sell Slowly
• Invest As Often As You Can
• Investing Isn't About The Cards You Are Dealt, but How You Play Your Hand
• Don't Fear Volatility When It Inevitably Comes
• Market Crashes Are (Usually) Buying opportunities
• Fund the Life You Need Before You Risk it for the Life You Want.
• You'll Never Feel Rich and That's Okay
• Time is Your Most Important Asset
• Every day we have to make financial decisions, without knowing what the future holds. We are constantly searching to find the best information that we can.

Marathon de Londres 2025 - Le 24 ème marathon

•  Quel beau temps nous avons eu pour ce 24 ème marathon, avec 21 degrés, un peu trop chaud pour courir. La prochaine fois, il faudra penser à la casquette. J'ai profité des jets d'eau qui arrosaient les coureurs et de ce fait je me suis retrouvé avec un mal de gorge le mardi suivant le marathon. La semaine suivante j'étais encore malade. Après le coup de blues subit après le marathon de Chicago, ça fait deux marathons de suite ou l'après course n'est pas sans conséquences.
• Compte tenu du faible entrainement dû au Covid, je suis parti sur une allure de 6 minutes au km et j'ai fait une "Murakani 28" soit aucun arrêt avant le 28 ème km. Encore une fois, lors du prochain marathon, il faudra que j'augmente les kms lors des entrainements.
• Il y a trop de coureurs qui marchent et c'est décourageant.
• Mais vraiment très content de finir ce marathon en 4:41.

Tower Bridge (après 2 heures de course)

Sur le Mall avec Buckingham en fond

Dans les 195 derniers mètres

La joie immense de finir un marathon

La médaille

Alpine, La renaissance Bernard Ollivier

• A l'arrache, avec panache.
• Still alive.
• Elégance, Légèreté, Agilité, Sportivité, Plaisir de conduire.

La taille des arbres fruitiers

 

• L'eau et les matières minérales nutritives nécessaires à la vie de l'arbre, azote (N), phosphore (P), potasse (K), magnésium (Mg)..., sont puisées dans le sol, sous forme de solution, par les poils absorbants des racines. Ces substances minérales dissoutes constituent la sève brute. Celle-ci monte dans l'arbre par les radicelles, les racines, le collet, le tronc, les branches et les rameaux, en passant par les vaisseaux du bois jeune, et parvient aux bourgeons et aux feuilles.
• Dès leur apparition, sous l'influence de la lumière, les feuilles jouent un rôle capital en absorbant, grâce à la chlorophylle qu'elles contiennent, le carbone de l'air sous forme de gaz carbonique. Elles rejettent dans l'atmosphère de l'eau, en transpirant, et de l'oxygène, en respirant. Ce phénomène, appelé photosynthèse, transforme la sève brute en une sève élaborée contenant du sucre, de l'amidon et des acides organiques.
• La sève élaborée redescend dans l'arbre par les vaisseaux du liber, le tissu végétal situé juste sous l'écorce des rameaux et des branches. Elle nourrit les jeunes tissus en formation, les nouveaux bourgeons en train de croître, les feuilles, les fleurs, les fruits, les racines.
• Il existe deux catégories d'arbres :
• ceux qui fructifient sur des bois âgés de quelques années : pommier, poirier
• ceux qui fructifient sur des bois âgés d' un an seulement : abricotier, pêcher, cerisier, prunier, vigne, olivier...

The 5 Types of Wealth - Sahil Bloom

 

Prologue The Journey of a Lifetime

• overbearing: autoritaire
• budding: en herbe
• The arrival fallacy is the false assumption that reaching some achievement or goal will create feelings of satisfaction and contentment in our lives.
• I had prioritized one thing at the expense of everything.
• The greatest discoveries in life come not from finding the right answer but from asking the right questions.
• You need to immerse yourself in the human experience.
• Creativity and community were live-giving for her.
• Imagine your ideal day at eighty years old:
• What are you doing? 
• Who are you with? 
• Where are you?
• How do you feel?
• Time, people, purpose, health.
• Spending time surrounded by loved ones, engaged in activities that create purpose and growth, healthy in mind, body and spirit.
• If we mesure only money, all of our actions will revolve around it. We'll play the game wrong.
• I reprioritized my health, focusing on the basics of movement, nutrition, and sleep.
• Never let the quest for more distract you from the beauty of enough.

Designing your dream life

1.  One Thousand Years of Wisdom

• Your wealthy life may be enabled by money, but in the end, it will be defined by everything else.

2. The Five Types of Wealth 

• lopsided: bancal
• ragtag: hétéroclite
• staining: tâcher
• You say yes to every single work call but can't find time to reconnect with an old friend.
• Five types of wealth:
• Time Wealth
• Social Wealth
• Mental Wealth
• Physical Wealth
• Financial Wealth

3. The Wealth Score

4. The Life Razor

• leftovers: vestiges
• to pass up: laisser passer
• deeds: actions
• to tuck: border

• Occam's razor: The simplest explanation is the best one. Simple is beautiful.
• Hanlon's razor, a tongue-in-a-cheek (moquerie, sarcasme) adage stating that one must never attribute to malice what is adequately explained by stupidity.
• Hitchens' razor: anything asserted without evidence can also be dismissed without evidence. A useful rule that will save you from wasting time on pointless arguments.
• Health problems that affect those closest to you.
• He was working eighty-hour weeks.
• I wake up early and do hard things.
• I take care of myself physically and mentally.

5. Your True North

• burst: éclater
• heed: écoute
• dimmer: faible
• afoul: être en conflit
• to belittle: rabaisser
• knocked off my feet: à tomber par terre
• jarring: qui secoue

• Climbing the Right Mountain.
• There is no favorable wind for the sailor who doesn't know where to go.
• Life is about direction, not speed.
• James Clear: "You do not rise to the level of your goals. You fall to the level of your systems"
• High-leverage systems are the daily actions that create amplified, asymmetric forward progress.
• Focus their energy on a few moments and ignore the rest.
• Select the actions that will create meaningful progress toward your envisioned future.
• If you don't take care of your mind in your sixties or seventies, you won't have it in your eighties.
• Social Wealth becomes the primary goal.
• At the end of each month:
• What really matters right now in my life, and are my goals still aligned with this?
• Are my current high-leverage systems aligned with my goals?
• Am I in danger of running afoul of my anti-goals?
• At the end of each quarter:
• What is creating energy right now?
• What is draining energy right now?
• Who are the boat anchors in my life? Boat anchors are people who hold you back from your potential
• What am I avoiding because of fear? The thing you fear the most is often the thing you must need to do.

Time Wealth

6. The Big Question

• fleeting: bref

• How Many Moments Do You Have Remaining with Your Loved Ones?
• "The years go by, as quickly as a wink. Enjoy yourself, enjoy yourself, it's later than you think." (Les années passent aussi vite qu'un clin d'oeil. Amusez-vous, amusez-vous, c'est plus tard que vous ne le pensez) Guy Lombardo
• Direct your attention to the things that truly matter (and ignoring the rest)

7. A Brief History of Time

• staple: essentiel
• ominous: de mauvais augure
• panting: haletant

• Look behind. Remember thou are mortal. Remember that you must die.
• The concept of memento mori is a staple fo Stoic philosophy, a reminder of the certainty and inescapability of death - of time's inevitable victory over man.
• Thor is unable to defeat Elli, which is taken as a symbol that old age will eventually triumph over youth.
• The atomic clock is the most recent advancement in clock technology - it uses the vibrations of atoms to measure time. Atomic clocks are so accurate that they won't stray by a single second over ten billions years.
• Einstein contested the notion of absolute time and proposed the concept of space-time. The idea that space and time are intimately connected, meaning that time is experienced differently by different observers based on their relative motion and position.
• A species must evolve if it hopes to survive.
• Red Queen's paradox: running faster and faster just to stay in the same place.
• Your attention is more divided than ever.
• There is a cognitive switching cost to shifting your attention from one task to another.
• You have more time than your ancestors but less control over how you spend it. You have more time, but somehow you have less time for the things that truly matter to you.
• Not all time is equal.
• chronos and kairos.
• Kairos suggests that specific moments have unique properties - that the right action in the right moment can create outsized results and growth.
• Kairos time: when energy can be invested with the greatest possible return.

8. The Three Pillars of Time Wealth

• Awareness: An understanding of the finite, impermanent nature of time.
• Attention: The ability to direct your attention and focus on the things that matter (and ignore the rest)
• Control: The freedom to own your time and choose exactly how to spend it.
• Awareness: Time as your most precious asset.
• Attention: unlocking asymmetric outputs.
• Control: the ultimate goal.
• Too little and too much free time lead to unhappiness.
• The ability to choose what you do and when you do it.

9. The Time Wealth Guide

• overarching: général
• to contrive: arranger
• to prosecute: poursuivre

• The Energy Calendar:
• Green: energy-creating
• Yellow: neutral
• Red: energy draining

• The Two-List Exercise:
• The most important things: make a list for your top personal priorities.
• Separating the lists into Priorities and Avoid at All Costs.

• The Eisenhower matrix:
• "What is important is seldom urgent and what is urgent is seldom important"

• The Index Card:
• We tend to overestimate what we can accomplish in a day, so be intentionally conservative in the number of items you list. As a rule of thumb, it should be three unless there is a very specific reason for it to be more.

• How to Eliminate Time Waste: Parkinson's law:
• Batch-process email in one to three short, time-constrained windows. If you allow yourself to check your email throughout the day, you'll be plagued by attention residue and never get through your work.

• How to Stop Procrastinating: The Anti-Procrastination System:
• The hardest part is getting started.
• Writing every single morning immediately after waking up.

• How to Concentrate Attention: The Flow State Boot-Up Sequence:
• "The Deep Work Hypothesis: the ability to perform deep work is becoming increasingly valuable in our economy. As a consequence, the few who cultivate this skill, and then make the core of their working life, will thrive" Cal Newport
• The natural dopamine-reward response that all these apps, digital tools, and social platforms were built on.
• You need a personal boot-up sequence.
• The sequence can be built around five core senses:
• 1) Touch
• 2) Taste
• 3) Sight
• 4) Sound
• 5) Smell
• flow state
• How to Create Time Leverage: Effective Delegation
• How to Streamline Commitments: The Art of No:
• Humans systematically overestimate the amount of free time they will have in the future, so they say yes to future things, assuming they will have time for them, but when that future date arrives, they find they're wrong.
• 
• Humans tend to be overly optimistic when taking on something new.
• How to Manage Your Time: Time-Blocking and the Four Types of Professional Time
• Morning question: What good shall I do this day?
• Take the resolution of the day
• Evening question: What good have I done today?
• Examination of the day
• History's most successful people have all made a practice of creating space for reading, listening, learning and thinking. We can draw a lesson from this.
• How to Fill Your Newly Created Time: The Energy Creators
• What should you do with this newly created time?
• What activities felt life-giving and joyful?
• Who made you feel energized?
• What new learning or mental pursuits sparked your interest to go deeper?
• What rituals created more peace, calm, and mental clarity?
• What physical pursuits did you enjoy?
• What financial pursuits felt effortless (or even fun)?
• So you can take your newly created time and put it toward more of those activities, people, and pursuits.

Social Wealth

11. The Big Question. Who Will Be Sitting in the Front Row at Your Funeral?

• a blur of: un méli-mélo
• ashen-faced: blême
• throes: affres, douleurs
• breadth: ampleur
• bland: fade
• to uproot: déraciner

• facing death every day allowed us to set aside the silly things and focus on what matters.
• The only thing that matters at all is the quality of the relationships with the people we love.
• We must remember our center. And it's not the money.
• Over the past thirty years, technologies designed to bring us together have made us lonelier than ever before.
• Human connections is ultimately what provides the lasting texture and meaning in life.
• Conventional wisdom says one should focus on the journey, not the destination. I disagree. Focus on the people. When you surround yourself with inspiring people, the journeys become more beautiful, and the destinations more brilliant. It's impossible to sit where you are and plan the perfect journey. Focus on the company - the people you want to travel with - and the journey will reveal itself in due time. Nothing bad has ever come from surrounding oneself with inspiring, genuine, kind, positive-sum individuals.

12. The Uniquely Social Species

• mischiefs: bêtises 
• catatonic: idées délirantes de thématique mélancolique de ruine, de négation d'organes, une culpabilité pathologique
• churn: perte de clientèle 

• A willingness to care for one another in times of need.
• It's fair to say that social connection has long been a driving force behind the design of human lives.
• The key to healthy aging is relationships, relationships, relationships.
• The people who were the most satisfied in their relationships at age fifty were the healthiest at age eighty.
• They missed their former teams.
• You may need food, water and shelter to survive, but it is human connection that allows you to thrive.

13. The Days Are Long but the Years Are Short

• to squander: gaspiller

14. The Three Pillars of Social Wealth

• a blur of: un méli-mélo
• to splurge: faire une folie
• imbued: imprégné 
• fleeting: bref

• "Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked." Steve Jobs.
• Like muscles, neglected relationships atrophy.

15. The Social Wealth Guide

• running errands: faire les courses
• quip: trait d'esprit
• stonewalling: réponse évasive, blocage
• ad hominem: mettre en contradiction
• nod: signe de tête
• contempt: mépris
• self-soothing: pour se consoler
• shifty:louche
• unvarnished: brut de décoffrage
• briskly: d'un bon pas
• dowry: dot
• tattered: en lambeaux

• Social Wealth Hacks I Wish I knew at Twenty-Two
• Expose yourself to new beliefs, mindsets, and views.
• Work on your own happiness before trying to help others.
• Don't focus on looks and status in others.
• How to Navigate Romantic Relationships: Two Rules for Growing in Love
• 5lovelanguages.com/quizzes/love-language
• 
  

• The gentle start-up.
• Take responsibility.
• Build a culture of appreciation.
• Pause and take a break.
• You won't be able to make everyone happy.
• How to Build a Personal Board of Advisers: The Brain Trust
• System and processes were deliberately put in place to ensure the absolute highest quality and consistency of the product across the decades.
• How to Play the Right Game: The Status Tests
• Would I buy this thing if I could not show it to anyone or tell anyone about it?
• They cannot forge a healthy mind and body any faster than you.

Mental Wealth

17. The Big Question: What Would Your Ten-Year Old Self Say to You Today?

• keen: assidu
• wit: esprit
• deprecating: désapprobateur
• whim: caprice
• awe: émerveillement
• conjecture: supposition
• mischievous: malicieux
• herring: hareng
• skim: écrémé
• blueberries: myrtilles
• to stave off: écarter
• bestow: décerner
• therein: là
• behold: regardé
• ruthless: sans pitié
• milling about: broyer
• prodded: pousser
• noxious: toxique
• pursuit: activité
• ruthless: sans pitié
• astray: égaré

• Curiosity is the foundation of a life of Mental Wealth.
• Curiosity, it turns out, is very, very good for you. It is the real Fountain of Youth.
• In your sixties and seventies when you stop learning new things because you don't see any utility in it anymore.
• Your joy for continued growth, development and learning.
• Your ten-year-old self would remind you to stay interested in the world and have some fun along the way.

18. A Tale as Old as Time

• Seeking growth, meaning, purpose, and authenticity.
• Ikigai - a combination of the Japanese word wiki, meaning "life", and gai, meaning "effect" or "worth". Together they connote "a reason for life". Ikigai can be visualized as four overlapping circles: (1) what you love, (2) what you are good at, (3) what the world needs, and (4) what you can be paid for.
• We are all searching for our purpose.
• You must fight to maintain your distinctiveness - consistently, relentlessly.

19. The Three Pillars of Mental Wealth

• Three core pillars of mental wealth:
• Purpose
• Growth
• Space
• Blue zone to refer to a geographic area characterized by extraordinary human longevity.
• The active, continuous pursuit of new interests and curiosities.
• Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Dr Dweck
• Gandhi: "Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever"
• Your power is in the space that exists between stimulus and response.
• An escape where you can slow down and breathe new air in your life.

20. The Mental Wealth Guide

• Mental Wealth Hacks I Wish I Knew at Twenty-Two
• Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking and Bittersweet: How Sorrow and Longing Make Us Whole. Susan Cain
• Do work you love and work that matters. Solve problems, make art, think deeply.
• Choose one creative project at a time and do it as well and as deeply as you possibly can.
• If you want to get better at anything, do it for thirty minutes per day for thirty straight days. A little dedicated effort each day is all you need.
• Don't consume the news unless you're highly confident it will matter one month from now.
• How To Find Your Purpose: The Power of Ikigai
• Make a list of the activities that are live-giving.
• Make a list of the activities that you have unique competency in.
• Define your current world and make a list of the activities that it needs from you.
• How To Choose Your Life Pursuits: The Pursuit Map
• "How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. What we do with this hour, and that one, is what we are doing." Annie Dillard, The Writing Life.
• Zone of genius: excellent competency and high interest or passion.
• How to Learn Anything: The Feynman Technique
• Feynman's true genius was his ability to convey complex ideas in simple, elegant ways.
• Their common genius is the ability to break through the complexity and convey ideas in simple, digestible ways.
• Find beauty in simplicity.
• How to Retain Everything: The Spaced-Repetition Method
• Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve.
• Think of your brain as a muscle.
• How to Think Differently: The Socratic Method
• What's the problem you're trying to solve?
• What is your hypothesis?
• Why do you think this?
• Is the thinking too vague?
• What is it based on?
• Why do you believe this to be true?
• How do you know it's true?
• How would you know if you were wrong?
• What concrete evidence do you have?
• How credible is it?
• What hidden evidence may exist?
• Can an error be quickly fixed?
• How costly is this mistake?
• What alternative beliefs or viewpoints might exist?
• Why might they be superior?
• Why do others believe them to be true?
• What do they know that you don't?
• What was your original thinking?
• Was it correct?
• If not, where did you err?
• What conclusions can you draw from the process about systemic errors in thinking?
• How to Unlock New Growth: The Think Day
• How to Create New Space: The Power Walk
• Go for a fifteen-minute walk first thing in the morning.
• How to Build Clear Boundaries: The Personal Power-Down Ritual
• What are the focus priorities for tomorrow?
• How to Improve Your Mental Health: The 1-1-1 Journaling Method
• One win from the day.
• One point of tension, anxiety, or stress.
• One point of gratitude.

21. Summary: Mental Health

• The unwillingness to live someone else's life.
• What you love.
• What you are good at.
• What the world needs.

Physical Wealth

22. The Big Question

• Will You Be Dancing at Your Eightieth Birthday Party?

23. The Story of Our Lesser World

• penning: écriture
• to bestow: décerner
• sinful: immoral
• swath: zone
• rearing: éducation
• edible: comestible
• staunch: ardent
• snazzy: stylé
• splurge: faire une folie
• oatmeal: flocons d'avoine
• flaxseed: graine de lin
• hemp seeds: chanvre
• arousal: exitation

• A lower overall muscle mass, particularly in the upper body.
• Plato wrote: "Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being"
• Put simply, the 80/20 rule says that a small number of inputs drive mots of the outputs.
• Most of the results are driven by a few simple inputs - completing basic daily movement, consuming whole, unprocessed foods, and prioritizing sleep and recovery.
• In a world that wants you to chase everything everywhere all at once, you must narrow your focus.

24. The Three Pillars of Physical Wealth.

• The three controllable pillars of Physical Wealth:
• Movement
• Nutrition
• Recovery
• A little bit of exercise goes a long way and a lot of exercices goes a longer way.
• Cardiovascular training. The two types of cardiovascular training to understand:
• Aerobic: Low intensity; relies on the oxygen you breathe to sustain activity.
• Anaerobic: High intensity; relies on the breakdown of sugars to sustain activity.
• During higher-intensity anaerobic cardiovascular training, your lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to meet your body's demands, so the body breaks down stored sugar of energy.
• Strength
• Resistance exercise and strength training is the number one way to combat neuromuscular aging.
• Stability and Flexibility
• You can build stability and flexibility through dedicated stretching and mouvement routines and dynamic activities like yoga and Pilates.
• Every single day that you delay is a missed opportunity that you'll never get back.
• Nutrition: fuel the body
• Overall caloric intake
• Macronutients
• proteins
• carbohydrates (glucides)
• fats
• Prioritize protein
• Focus on cleanliness of source
• Micronutients
• This includes iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, iodine, folate (vitamine B9 dans les légumes verts), and zinc
• Hydration: a baseline of three liters of fluid per day.
• Recovery: recharge the body
• Recommended eight hours
• Sleep deprivation has a variety of negative effects on the brain, including diminished attention, focus, concentration, and emotional control, and has been linked to a long list of diseases, including Alzheimer's, heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
• It's not just if you sleep poorly, you function less well. If you sleep better, you function much better.
• Afternoon sunlight exposure to regulate circadian rhythm and improve sleep quality.
• How to Win the Day: A Science-Backed Morning Routine
• "When you arise in the morning, think of what a precious privilege it is to be alive - to breathe, to think, to enjoy, to love" Marc Aurèle
• If your goal is to create, you must work like a lion. Sprint when inspired. rest. repeat.
• I always start my day with two hours of focused work on the most important tasks.
• The Movement Plan: A level 3 Training Plan That Works
• the5typesofwealth.com/movementplan
• The Common-Sense Diet: Principles and Foods
• calculator.net/calorie-calculator.html
• calculator.net/macro-calculator.html
• How to Become a Pro Sleeper: Nine Rules for Sleep
• 1. Keep a regular schedule
• 2. View morning sunlight
• 3. Control your sleep environment
• 4. Avoid food right before bed
• 5. Avoid consuming excessive liquids before bed
• 6. Avoid caffeine in the afternoons
• 7. Cut back on alcohol
• 8. Create a wind-down routine
• 9. Avoid screens before bed
• How to Promote Calm: Science-Backed Breathing Protocols
• In simple terms, the Yerkes-Dodson Law says that stress and performance are positively correlated only up to a certain point, after which more stress reduces performance.

Financial Wealth

27. The Big Question: What is Your Definition of Enough?

• gripped: agrippé
• rebuke: réprimander
• lavish: somptueux
• creep: envahir, dépasser
• deeds: actes
• quenched: étancher
• uptake: prise
• untethered: détaché
• dwindling: diminuer
• ratchet up: augmenter
• liability: responsabilité
• lifestyle creep: extension du style de vie
• gizmo: machin, truc
• swings: balancements
• hassle: ennuis
• tantalizing: tentant
• hustle: agitation
• benefactor: bienfaiteur

• The knowledge that I've got enough.
• That thing you once longed for becomes the thing you can't wait to upgrade.
• Time, people, purpose, health.

28. The Financial Amusement Park 

29. The Three Pillars of Financial Wealth

• Dr Stanley. "The Millionaire Next Door".
• Financial wealth is built on three pillars:
• Income generation
• Expense management
• Long-term investment
• A basic model to establish a robust income engine:
• build skills
• leverage skills
• Create (and stick to) a budget
• six months of expenses to cushion against any unexpected turbulence.
• Manage expectations: lifestyle creep = expectation inflation
• The first rule of compounding: Never interrupt it unnecessarily.
• 10% annual improvement, 1.1^50=117,391 
• Simply buying, holding, and compounding a diversified market index fund will generate the most attractive time, energy, and risk-adjusted long-term outcomes.
• The best time to start was twenty years ago; the second best time is today.
• The compounder of choice was a simple low-cost market index fund that they invested their excess cash into on a regular basis.
• The most important and fundamental questions about your life will remain, irrespective of the level you achieve.

30. The Financial Wealth Guide

• I have a clear process for investing excess monthly income for long-term compounding.
• What are you earning, saving, and investing each month?
• Financial Wealth Hacks I Know at Forty-Two I Wish I Knew at Twenty-Two
• Make a rule to save a specific percentage and invest a specific percentage of your gross annual income.
• Buy the best and keep it as long as possible.
• I recommend making at least 90 percent of your portfolio through index funds
• Negotiate your bills down. It's a little-known fact that you can negotiate many of your bills with a one-time phone call.
• Conscious spenders care about the value of something.
• The way you feel about money is uncorrelated with the amount in your bank account.
• To feel good about money, you need to (a) know your numbers and (b) improve your money psychology by spending unapologetically (n'éprouver aucun remords) on things you care about (and paying as little as possible for things you don't)
• Seven Pieces of Career Advice I Wish I Had Known When I Was Starting Out
• Your world looks very different from the advice giver's world.
• Start focusing on how you can create immense value for everyone around you.
• "If it's your job to eat a frog, it's best to do it first thing in the morning. And if it's your job to eat two frogs, it's best to eat the biggest one first" Mark Twain.
• Data in, story out.
• But as with all things in life, if you focus your attention and energy on what is within your control, you'll always be better off.
• Six Marketable Meta-Skills to Build for a High-Income Future
• Sales
• Storytelling
• Design
• Writing
• Software engineering
• Data science
• The Seven Basic Principles of Expenses Management
• Build a cushion for unexpected items.
• Automate savings: Always save before you spend. Automate your monthly savings by having a direct deposit go into a dedicated account.
• Six months of expenses in cash.
• The Eight Best Investment Assets for Long-Term Wealth Creation
• There's no such thing as a free lunch.
• "Just keep Buying" Nick Maggiulli
• Bonds: U.S. Treasury bonds are considered extremely low risk due to the government's ability to print money.
• Bonds tend to rise when stocks fall.
• Your own products: high degree of control and personal fulfillment. Do not offer any guarantee of future returns, and the majority are likely to fail.
• The Return-on-Hassle Spectrum
• "Return on hassle" the idea that the time and energy associated with an investment need to be considered as part of the return equation.
• Buying and holding a well-diversified, low-cost market index fund will provide the most attractive balance.
• The Single Greatest Investment in the World
• Books, courses and education
• Fitness
• Networking events
• Quality food
• Mental health
• Personal development
• Sleep
• Deep focus and relaxation
• Wait thirty days to complete the order: if you still want it, order it. If not, skip it.
• Life hack: always invest in yourself - you'll never regret it.

31. Summary: Financial Wealth

• Financial wealth compass:
• Goals: What financial wealth score do you want to achieve within one year?
• Anti-goals: What are the two to three outcomes that you want to avoid on your journey?
• High-leverage systems: What are the two to three systems from the financial wealth guide that you want to implement to make tangible, compounding progress toward your goal score.
• Create an investment account with a low-cost brokerage and consider establishing an automatic deposit.

Conclusion: The Leap of Faith

• Establish your baseline Wealth score.
• When you're thinking about a move, consider the effects on your loved ones and your health. When you're evaluating a big investment or purchase, reflect on the impact it may have on your freedom and mental state.